Dry matter 86 100 % - 1.8 82.5 -89.7 34 3 Crude protein 26.7 31.1 % - 2.2 23.9 -30.6 38 2.4 26.5 -35.8 42 Crude fibre 7.4 8.6 % - 0.9 5.7 -9.5 25 1 6.7 -11 27 Crude fat 1 1.2 % - 0.2 0.8 -1.4 9 0.2 0.9 -1.6 10 Ash 3.5 4 % - 0.3 2.8 -4.1 28 0.4 3.3 -4.8 29 NDF 12.9 15 % - 2.2 10 -16.6 16 2.6 11.1 -19.2 18 ADF 8.9 10.3 % - 1 7.3 -10.3 18 1.1 7.8 -11.8 20 Lignin 0.7 0.8 % - 0.6 0.1 -2.2 15 0.7 0.1 -2.6 17 Water insoluble cell walls 15 17.5 % - 1 12 -15.9 13 1.1 14.4 -18.5 14 Starch 37.1 43.1 % - 2.4 32.6 -39.8 19 2.6 38.3 -48.4 19 Total sugars 3.5 4.1 % - 0.7 2.7 -4.8 13 0.8 3.2 -5.7 13 Gross energy (kcal) 3850 4470 kcal/kg - 90 3690 -3980 23 50 4350 -4530 24 Calcium 1.3 1.5 g/kg - 1 1 Phosphorus 4.8 5.6 g/kg - 0.5 3.2 -5 8 0.6 3.8 -5.8 8 Phytate phosphorus 2.9 3.4 g/kg 60 % P 0.6 1.7 -3.2 8 0.6 2 -3.7 8 14 44-81 8 Magnesium 1.7 2 g/kg - Potassium 10.3 12 g/kg - Sodium 0.1 0.12 g/kg - Chlorine 0.7 0.8 g/kg - Sulfur 1.8 2.1 g/kg - Dietary cation-anion difference 137 159 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 248 289 mEq/kg - Manganese 7 8 mg/kg - Zinc 31 36 mg/kg - Copper 11 13 mg/kg - Iron 73 85 mg/kg - Selenium 0.02 0.02 mg/kg - Molybdenum 0.6 0.7 mg/kg - Lysine 17.2 20 g/kg 6.4 g/16g N 1.4 13.5 -19.7 20 1.6 15.3 -22 20 0.5 5.4-7 20 Threonine 9.5 11.1 g/kg 3.6 g/16g N 1 7.4 -10.5 21 1.1 8.4 -12.4 21 0.3 3.1-4.1 21 Methionine 1.9 2.2 g/kg 0.7 g/16g N 0.2 1.7 -2.3 21 0.3 1.9 -2.7 21 0.09 0.6-1 21 Cystine 3.4 4 g/kg 1.3 g/16g N 0.4 2.6 -4.1 21 0.5 3 -4.7 21 0.2 1-1.7 21 Methionine + cystine 5.3 6.2 g/kg 2 g/16g N 0.5 4.4 -6.1 21 0.6 5.1 -7.1 21 0.2 1.7-2.5 21 Tryptophan 2.2 2.6 g/kg 0.8 g/16g N 0.3 1.8 -2.7 12 0.4 2.1 -3.2 12 0.1 0.7-1.1 12 Isoleucine 10.9 12.6 g/kg 4.1 g/16g N 1.1 8.3 -13 19 1.3 9.4 -14.5 19 0.3 3.4-4.5 19 Valine 12.1 14.1 g/kg 4.5 g/16g N 1.4 9.5 -14.7 19 1.6 11.1 -16.8 19 0.5 3.7-5.5 19 Leucine 20.3 23.6 g/kg 7.6 g/16g N 1.7 15.6 -22.7 19 1.9 17.7 -25.3 19 0.5 6.3-8 19 Phenylalanine 11.2 13 g/kg 4.2 g/16g N 0.9 9.1 -13 18 1 10.3 -14.5 18 0.2 3.5-4.4 18 Tyrosine 8.5 9.9 g/kg 3.2 g/16g N 0.4 1.8-3.2 12 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 19.7 22.9 g/kg 7.4 g/16g N 0.4 6.1-7.5 12 Histidine 6.8 7.9 g/kg 2.5 g/16g N 0.6 5.8 -7.6 11 0.7 6.6 -8.7 11 0.2 2.2-2.8 11 Arginine 26.1 30.4 g/kg 9.8 g/16g N 3 17.4 -29.9 18 3.5 20.4 -35.1 18 0.9 7.2-10.5 18 Alanine 11 12.8 g/kg 4.1 g/16g N 0.8 9.6 -11.9 19 0.9 11.1 -14.1 19 0.3 3.5-4.6 19 Aspartic acid 32.1 37.4 g/kg 12 g/16g N Glutamic acid 47.2 54.9 g/kg 17.6 g/16g N 4.8 38.2 -54.2 19 5.4 43.5 -60.5 19 1.5 14.4-19.8 19 Glycine 11.5 13.4 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 1 9.5 -13.5 19 1.2 10.8 -15 19 0.3 3.5-4.8 19 Serine 13.6 15.8 g/kg 5.1 g/16g N 1.1 9.7 -14.6 19 1.2 11 -16.3 19 Proline 11.1 12.9 g/kg 4.1 g/16g N 1.1 8.1 -12.1 13 1.3 9.4 -13.8 13 0.3 3.1-4.6 13 C14:0 myristic acid 0.03 0.03 g/kg 0.3 % FA 0.1 0.2-0.5 5 C16:0 palmitic acid 1.4 1.7 g/kg 17.2 % FA 2.2 12.6-21 59 C18:0 stearic acid 0.2 0.3 g/kg 2.6 % FA 0.5 1.7-3.7 59 C18:1 oleic acid 2.2 2.5 g/kg 25.8 % FA 5.4 15-36.5 59 C18:2 linoleic acid 4.2 4.8 g/kg 49.9 % FA 6.1 28.3-59.7 59 C18:3 linolenic acid 0.3 0.3 g/kg 3.5 % FA 0.1 0.3 -0.5 7 0.1 0.3 -0.6 7 0.6 2.6-5.8 59 Fatty acids 0.8 1 % 80 % fat Vitamin E 0.5 0.6 mg/kg - Vitamin B1 thiamin 5.6 6.5 mg/kg - Vitamin B2 riboflavin 3.3 3.8 mg/kg - Vitamin B12 0 0 µg/kg - Niacin 28.3 32.9 mg/kg - Pantothenic acid 9.8 11.4 mg/kg - Biotin 0.09 0.1 mg/kg - Choline 958 1114 mg/kg - DE growing pig (kcal) 3330 3870 kcal/kg - 180 3000 -3530 17 190 3530 -4180 18 ME growing pig (kcal) 3140 3650 kcal/kg - NE growing pig (kcal) 2210 2570 kcal/kg - DE adult pig (kcal) 3400 3950 kcal/kg - ME adult pig (kcal) 3180 3700 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 2240 2610 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 86.5 % 4.2 80.2-94.3 18 OM digestibility growing pig - 88.3 % 1.6 86.1-90.6 6 N digestibility growing pig - 83.4 % 5.6 70.1-90.7 18 N digestibility ileal standardised pig - 84 % 2.2 78.8-84.6 6 Crude fat digestibility pig - 0 % 1 Energy digestibility adult pig - 88.3 % OM digestibility adult pig - 90 % N digestibility adult pig - 84.9 % 1 Digestible P pig (no phytase) 1.8 2.1 g/kg 37 % AMEn cockerel, ground (kcal) 2480 2880 kcal/kg - AMEn cockerel, pelleted (kcal) 2620 3050 kcal/kg - AMEn broiler, ground (kcal) 2420 2820 kcal/kg - AMEn broiler, pelleted (kcal) 2570 2990 kcal/kg - 2860 -3040 2 Available P broiler 1.1 1.3 g/kg 23 % P PDIA INRA 2007 47 54 g/kg - PDIN INRA 2007 171 198 g/kg - 184 -203 2 PDIE INRA 2007 97 113 g/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 2670 3100 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 87.6 % OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 88.8 % N digestibility ruminants - 78.4 % N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 89 % Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 57.6 % Absorbable P ruminants 3.5 4.1 g/kg 73 % P N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 82 % Immediately degradable N (a) - 56 % Potentially degradable N (b) - 40 % Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.115 h-1 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 75 % Immediately degradable starch (a) - 37 % Potentially degradable starch (b) - 63 % Degradation rate of particles starch (c) - 0.09 h-1 DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 77 % Immediately degradable DM (a) - 52 % Potentially degradable DM (b) - 43 % Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.085 h-1 Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 7.4 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.9 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 1.5 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.2 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.5 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 8.3 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.8 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.2 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.8 % PDIE OM digestibility horse - 87.5 % Energy digestibility horse - 84 % Horse Forage Unit 0.96 1.11 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 208 242 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 2960 3440 kcal/kg - ME rabbit (kcal) 2670 3100 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 76.9 % N digestibility rabbit - 90.7 % DE salmonids (kcal) 2320 2690 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility, salmonids - 60.2 % N digestibility salmonids - 80.2 % Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 15.3 17.8 g/kg 89 % 1 1 2 86-93 7 Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 8 9.3 g/kg 84 % 1 1 5 79-93 7 Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 1.6 1.9 g/kg 86 % 1 1 8 77-103 7 Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 2.6 3.1 g/kg 77 % 1 1 7 72-91 7 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 4.3 4.9 g/kg 80 % 1 1 Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 1.7 1.9 g/kg 75 % 71-80 3 Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 9.2 10.7 g/kg 84 % 1 1 1 83-86 7 Valine, ileal standardised, pig 10 11.7 g/kg 83 % 1 1 1 82-86 7 Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 17.6 20.4 g/kg 87 % 1 1 2 85-91 7 Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 9.7 11.3 g/kg 87 % 1 1 3 84-91 7 Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 7.2 8.4 g/kg 85 % 1 1 7 77-100 7 Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 16.9 19.6 g/kg 86 % 1 1 86-88 2 Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 6 7 g/kg 89 % 1 1 2 87-91 7 Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 24 27.9 g/kg 92 % 1 1 1 91-94 7 Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 9 10.4 g/kg 81 % 1 1 6 72-92 7 Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 28.1 32.7 g/kg 88 % 1 1 2 86-92 7 Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 41.9 48.8 g/kg 89 % 1 1 2 86-91 7 Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 9.4 10.9 g/kg 82 % 1 1 5 75-91 7 Serine, ileal standardised, pig 11.6 13.5 g/kg 85 % 1 1 1 84-87 7 Proline, ileal standardised, pig 9.1 10.6 g/kg 83 % 1 1 78-85 3 Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 14.8 17.2 g/kg 86 % 1 Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 7.4 8.6 g/kg 78 % 1 Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.6 1.9 g/kg 87 % 1 Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.5 2.8 g/kg 72 % 1 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.1 4.8 g/kg 77 % Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 1.5 1.7 g/kg 66 % 1 Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.7 10.1 g/kg 80 % 1 Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 9.6 11.1 g/kg 79 % 1 Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 16.2 18.9 g/kg 80 % 1 Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 9.1 10.5 g/kg 81 % 1 Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 7 8.1 g/kg 82 % 1 Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 16 18.7 g/kg 81 % Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.3 6.2 g/kg 79 % 1 Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 22.7 26.4 g/kg 87 % 1 Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 9.4 11 g/kg 82 % 1 Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 11.5 13.4 g/kg 85 % 1 Gross energy (MJ) 16.1 18.7 MJ/kg - 0.4 15.5 -16.6 23 0.2 18.2 -19 24 Absorbable Ca ruminants 0.7 0.8 g/kg 55 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 88 % UFL FL1 INRA 2018 1.05 1.22 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 1.07 1.24 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 42 49 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 93 108 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 128 149 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 1.03 1.2 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 1.05 1.22 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 50 58 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 99 115 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 123 143 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1820 2120 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1840 2140 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2720 3170 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 87.4 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 86.2 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 79 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 74 % Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 7.4 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.8 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 1.4 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.9 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.4 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 8.5 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.9 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.3 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 6.1 % PDI ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 11.8 13.7 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 7.9 9.2 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 8.1 9.4 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 75 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 1 1.16 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 1 1.16 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 62 72 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 109 127 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 112 130 g/kg - Origin France, ex field Phosphorus consumption 4.17 4.85 g P/kg - Origin France, ex storage agency Phosphorus consumption 4.17 4.85 g P/kg - Origin France, ex field Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) 1.49 1.73 MJ/kg - Origin France, ex storage agency Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) 1.67 1.94 MJ/kg - Origin France, ex field Climate change (ILCD) 168 196 g CO2eq/kg - Origin France, ex storage agency Climate change (ILCD) 178 207 g CO2eq/kg - Origin France, ex field Acidification (ILCD) 0.0018 0.0021 mol H+eq/kg - Origin France, ex storage agency Acidification (ILCD) 0.0019 0.0022 mol H+eq/kg - Origin France, ex field Eutrophication (CML baseline) 7.55 8.78 g PO4---eq/kg - Origin France, ex storage agency Eutrophication (CML baseline) 7.8 9.08 g PO4---eq/kg - Origin France, ex field Land competition (CML non baseline) 0.0002 0.0002 m²yr/kg - Origin France, ex storage agency Land competition (CML non baseline) 0.0002 0.0002 m²yr/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.15 0.175 per kg - Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 9.7 11.3 g/kg 88 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 28 32.5 g/kg 87 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 42.5 49.4 g/kg 90 % Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 8.4 9.8 g/kg 76 % Insoluble ash 0.1 0.1 % - Cobalt 0.3 0.4 mg/kg - C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C12:0 lauric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.01 0.01 g/kg 0.1 % FA 0.05-0.2 3 C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:0 arachidic acid 0.1 0.1 g/kg 1.2 % FA 0.9-1.5 3 C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0.05 0.06 g/kg 0.6 % FA 0.6-0.6 2 C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:0 behenic acid 0.04 0.04 g/kg 0.4 % FA 0.4-0.5 2 C22:1 erucic acid 0.01 0.01 g/kg 0.09 % FA 0.07-0.1 2 C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C24:0 lignoceric acid 0.02 0.03 g/kg 0.3 % FA 0.2-0.3 2 Digestible P pig (with phytase) 2.7 3.1 g/kg 56 % AMEn cockerel (kcal) 2480 2880 kcal/kg - AMEn broiler (kcal) 2420 2820 kcal/kg - 1 1 Available P cockerel 1.1 1.3 g/kg 23 % P UFL INRA 2007 0.99 1.16 per kg - UFV INRA 2007 0.99 1.15 per kg - DE growing pig (MJ) 13.9 16.2 MJ/kg - ME growing pig (MJ) 13.1 15.3 MJ/kg - NE growing pig (MJ) 9.2 10.7 MJ/kg - DE adult pig (MJ) 14.2 16.5 MJ/kg - ME adult pig (MJ) 13.3 15.5 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 9.4 10.9 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 10.4 12.1 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 10.1 11.8 MJ/kg - 1 1 ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 11.2 13 MJ/kg - DE rabbit (MJ) 12.4 14.4 MJ/kg - ME rabbit (MJ) 11.2 13 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 9.7 11.3 MJ/kg - VEM CVB 2018 993 1155 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 1082 1258 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 96 112 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 126 146 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 5 5.8 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 1.4 1.7 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 71.4 83.1 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 3.36 3.91 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.76 2.04 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 1.66 1.93 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.89 2.2 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.3 1.52 Mcal/kg - Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 16 % Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 20 % EN Lactation ruminants GfE 7 8.2 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 168 196 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE 16 18 g/kg - Starch, enzymatic method 30.2 35.1 % - 6.4 21.5 -37.3 9 7.5 25.5 -44.4 10 Vitamin A 0.05 0.06 1000 IU/kg - Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg - Vitamin K 0.09 0.1 mg/kg - Vitamin B6 pyridoxine 3.7 4.3 mg/kg - Folic acid 0 0 mg/kg - Vitamin C 14 16.3 mg/kg -