Dry matter 88.9 100 % - 1 86.1 -97.7 787 1.6 Crude protein 11.4 12.8 % - 1.5 8.5 -17.9 1141 1.7 9.4 -19.8 781 Crude fibre 34.8 39.1 % - 2 27.3 -40.9 1128 2.2 29.4 -45.4 753 Crude fat 1.9 2.1 % - 0.9 0.7 -5.6 367 1 0.8 -5.7 260 Ash 4.7 5.3 % - 0.5 3.5 -6.5 249 0.5 3.6 -7.4 202 Insoluble ash 0.5 0.5 % - 0.2 -0.8 2 NDF 58.1 65.3 % - 5 42.6 -69.4 169 5.5 48.2 -74 178 ADF 41.3 46.5 % - 3.8 28.7 -48 155 4.2 32.2 -55.4 167 Lignin 2.1 2.4 % - 0.9 0.8 -6 188 1 0.7 -5.5 196 Water insoluble cell walls 63.2 71 % - 3.7 60.2 -70.1 19 4.1 67 -79.8 15 Starch 5.1 5.7 % - 2.8 0 -8.7 15 3.2 0 -9.8 20 Total sugars 1.1 1.2 % - 0.8 0.8 -2.3 3 0.9 0.3 -2.5 6 Gross energy (kcal) 3850 4330 kcal/kg - 240 3630 -4130 8 270 4190 -5180 12 Calcium 4.9 5.6 g/kg - 1 2 -8.1 102 1.1 2.2 -9.1 114 Phosphorus 1.5 1.7 g/kg - 1.2 0.7 -3.2 123 1.4 0.4 -16 134 Phytate phosphorus 0.9 1 g/kg 60 % P Magnesium 2.2 2.5 g/kg - 0.6 0.9 -2.4 7 0.7 0.7 -4.2 20 Potassium 11.6 13 g/kg - 2.7 9.4 -14.7 11 3.1 3.5 -17.6 23 Sodium 0.1 0.11 g/kg - 0.15 0 -0.73 13 0.17 0 -0.8 24 Chlorine 0.3 0.3 g/kg - 0.2 0 -0.6 13 Sulfur 0.9 1 g/kg - 0.1 0.1 0.8 -1.2 10 Dietary cation-anion difference 239 269 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 293 330 mEq/kg - Manganese 21 24 mg/kg - 9 8 -37 5 10 9 -43 16 Zinc 43 48 mg/kg - 17 15 -90 16 Copper 7 8 mg/kg - 3 6 -13 5 3 3 -15 17 Iron 594 669 mg/kg - 290 137 -1259 6 326 145 -1401 18 Selenium 0.2 0.2 mg/kg - 0.2 -0.3 3 0.2 -0.3 3 Cobalt 0.1 0.1 mg/kg - Molybdenum 1 1 mg/kg - 0.8 0.9 0 -2 10 Lysine 7.3 8.2 g/kg 6.4 g/16g N 1.2 6 -11.4 18 1.4 6.6 -12.3 18 0.4 5.5-7 18 Threonine 4.1 4.6 g/kg 3.6 g/16g N 0.8 3.1 -6.3 18 0.8 3.4 -6.8 18 0.1 3.3-3.7 18 Methionine 1.3 1.5 g/kg 1.2 g/16g N 0.3 1 -2 18 0.3 1.1 -2.2 18 0.2 0.7-1.5 18 Cystine 2.1 2.3 g/kg 1.8 g/16g N 0.4 1.7 -3.5 18 0.5 1.9 -3.8 18 0.2 1.5-2.1 18 Methionine + cystine 3.4 3.8 g/kg 3 g/16g N 0.6 2.7 -5.5 18 0.7 2.9 -6 18 0.2 2.3-3.4 18 Tryptophan 1 1.1 g/kg 0.8 g/16g N 0.3 0.5 -1.4 16 0.3 0.6 -1.5 16 0.2 0.6-1.2 16 Isoleucine 4 4.5 g/kg 3.6 g/16g N 0.8 3 -5.9 18 0.8 3.4 -6.4 18 0.2 3.1-4 18 Valine 4.8 5.4 g/kg 4.2 g/16g N 1 5.4 -7.8 5 0.3 3.9-4.6 5 Leucine 7 7.9 g/kg 6.2 g/16g N 1.3 5.3 -10.7 18 1.5 5.8 -11.6 18 0.2 5.5-6.6 18 Phenylalanine 4.3 4.8 g/kg 3.8 g/16g N 0.9 3.1 -6.7 18 1 3.4 -7.2 18 0.2 3.3-4 18 Tyrosine 4.3 4.8 g/kg 3.8 g/16g N 0.8 3.5 -6.3 13 0.9 3.8 -6.8 13 0.1 3.6-4.1 13 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 8.6 9.7 g/kg 7.6 g/16g N 1.7 6.6 -12.9 13 1.9 7.2 -14 13 0.2 7.1-7.8 13 Histidine 2.9 3.3 g/kg 2.5 g/16g N 0.4 2.3 -4.2 18 0.5 2.5 -4.5 18 0.2 2.1-2.8 18 Arginine 5.6 6.3 g/kg 4.9 g/16g N 1.4 3.9 -10.1 18 1.6 4.3 -10.9 18 0.4 4.2-6 18 Alanine 4.8 5.4 g/kg 4.2 g/16g N 0.9 3.6 -7.1 16 1 3.9 -7.7 16 0.2 3.7-4.5 16 Aspartic acid 10.3 11.6 g/kg 9.1 g/16g N 2.7 10 -17.1 5 3.1 11.3 -18.5 5 0.6 8.5-10.2 5 Glutamic acid 13.2 14.8 g/kg 11.6 g/16g N 1.8 8.6 -14.5 14 2 9.4 -16.3 14 0.9 9.3-12.6 14 Glycine 8.5 9.5 g/kg 7.5 g/16g N 0.7 7.4 -10.3 18 0.8 8.3 -11.4 18 1 5.8-9.1 18 Serine 5.7 6.4 g/kg 5 g/16g N 1 4.5 -7.3 17 1.1 5 -8 17 0.4 4.2-5.6 17 Proline 5.4 6.1 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N 0.9 4.2 -7.4 15 1 4.7 -8 15 0.2 4.3-4.9 15 C14:0 myristic acid 0.04 0.04 g/kg 0.2 % FA 0.3 0-1.1 14 C16:0 palmitic acid 2 2.2 g/kg 11.2 % FA 2.2 9.6-20.8 22 C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.02 0.02 g/kg 0.1 % FA 0.08 0-0.2 7 C18:0 stearic acid 0.7 0.8 g/kg 3.8 % FA 0.4 3.2-4.8 22 C18:1 oleic acid 4.1 4.6 g/kg 23.1 % FA 1.6 19.8-27.3 23 C18:2 linoleic acid 9.6 10.8 g/kg 54 % FA 2.9 42.9-58.2 22 C18:3 linolenic acid 1.3 1.5 g/kg 7.2 % FA 0.9 4.8-8.7 22 Fatty acids 1.8 2 % 95 % fat DE growing pig (kcal) 1950 2200 kcal/kg - 1 2050 -2720 3 ME growing pig (kcal) 1830 2060 kcal/kg - 1 NE growing pig (kcal) 1010 1140 kcal/kg - DE adult pig (kcal) 2690 3030 kcal/kg - 1 ME adult pig (kcal) 2450 2760 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 1440 1620 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 50.7 % 47.5-64.8 3 OM digestibility growing pig - 54 % 52.1-64 2 N digestibility growing pig - 39.8 % N digestibility ileal standardised pig - 57 % 1 Crude fat digestibility pig - 0 % Energy digestibility adult pig - 69.9 % 1 OM digestibility adult pig - 71.6 % N digestibility adult pig - 78.7 % 1 PDIA INRA 2007 38 43 g/kg - PDIN INRA 2007 71 80 g/kg - PDIE INRA 2007 95 107 g/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 2410 2710 kcal/kg - 1 1 Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 78.5 % 75.6-87.3 4 OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 80.7 % 5.9 69.7-86.7 6 N digestibility ruminants - 77.6 % N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 67 % Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 68.8 % N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 55 % 6 48-66 7 Immediately degradable N (a) - 19 % Potentially degradable N (b) - 71 % Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.06 h-1 0.023-0.063 2 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 71 % Immediately degradable starch (a) - 43 % 1 Potentially degradable starch (b) - 52 % 1 Degradation rate of particles starch (c) - 0.072 h-1 1 DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 43 % Immediately degradable DM (a) - 6 % 15 -18-41 10 Potentially degradable DM (b) - 92 % 23 38-112 10 Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.04 h-1 0.036 0.009-0.109 6 Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 7.6 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 1.8 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.2 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.6 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 8 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.8 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.2 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.8 % PDIE OM digestibility horse - 54.1 % Energy digestibility horse - 52.4 % Horse Forage Unit 0.43 0.49 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 43 48 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 1420 1590 kcal/kg - ME rabbit (kcal) 1300 1460 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 36.7 % N digestibility rabbit - 83 % Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 4.4 4.9 g/kg 60 % 1 Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 2.5 2.8 g/kg 61 % 1 Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 1 1.1 g/kg 71 % 1 Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 1.3 1.4 g/kg 63 % 1 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 2.2 2.5 g/kg 66 % 1 Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 0.6 0.7 g/kg 63 % 1 Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 2.7 3.1 g/kg 68 % 1 Valine, ileal standardised, pig 2.9 3.3 g/kg 61 % 1 Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 4.9 5.5 g/kg 70 % 1 Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 3.1 3.5 g/kg 72 % 1 Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 2.8 3.1 g/kg 64 % 1 Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 5.9 6.6 g/kg 68 % 1 Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 1.7 1.9 g/kg 58 % 1 Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 4.7 5.3 g/kg 84 % 1 Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 2.7 3 g/kg 56 % 1 Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 7.1 7.9 g/kg 69 % 1 Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 9.7 10.9 g/kg 74 % 1 Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 3.2 3.6 g/kg 38 % 1 Serine, ileal standardised, pig 3.4 3.8 g/kg 59 % 1 Gross energy (MJ) 16.1 18.1 MJ/kg - 1 15.2 -17.3 8 1.1 17.5 -21.7 12 Absorbable Ca ruminants 2.7 3.1 g/kg 55 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 85 % UFL FL1 INRA 2018 0.96 1.08 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 0.95 1.07 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 29 33 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 81 92 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 -24 -27 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 0.94 1.06 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 0.93 1.04 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 33 38 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 84 95 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 -28 -31 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1650 1860 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1630 1840 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2520 2830 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 79.3 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 77.1 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 56 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 70 % Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 7.8 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.1 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 1.9 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.5 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 8.2 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.9 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.3 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.9 % PDI ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 10.7 12.1 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 7.1 7.9 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 7 7.9 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 46 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 0.9 1.01 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 0.88 0.99 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 39 43 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 88 100 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 -35 -39 g/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.395 0.444 per kg - C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C12:0 lauric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 0 0-0.01 5 C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:0 arachidic acid 0.05 0.06 g/kg 0.3 % FA 0.09 0.1-0.4 11 C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0.03 0.03 g/kg 0.2 % FA 0.04 0.1-0.2 6 C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C22:0 behenic acid 0.08 0.09 g/kg 0.5 % FA 0.4-0.5 2 C22:1 erucic acid 0.03 0.03 g/kg 0.2 % FA 0-0.3 2 C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C24:0 lignoceric acid 0.04 0.04 g/kg 0.2 % FA 0.2-0.2 2 Digestible P pig (no phytase) 0.7 0.8 g/kg 50 % Digestible P pig (with phytase) 1.1 1.3 g/kg 75 % AMEn cockerel (kcal) 850 950 kcal/kg - AMEn broiler (kcal) 830 930 kcal/kg - Available P cockerel 0.4 0.4 g/kg 25 % P Available P broiler 0.4 0.4 g/kg 25 % P UFL INRA 2007 0.88 0.98 per kg - 0.84 -0.97 2 0.94 -1.06 2 UFV INRA 2007 0.84 0.95 per kg - 0.8 -0.96 2 0.9 -1.05 2 Absorbable P ruminants 1 1.1 g/kg 65 % P DE salmonids (kcal) 2010 2260 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility, salmonids - 52.1 % N digestibility salmonids - 81.6 % Proline, ileal standardised, pig 3.3 3.7 g/kg 61 % Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.6 5.2 g/kg 63 % Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.4 2.8 g/kg 59 % Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 1 1.1 g/kg 72 % Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.3 1.4 g/kg 61 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.2 2.5 g/kg 65 % Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 0.6 0.7 g/kg 64 % Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.8 3.1 g/kg 69 % Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.2 3.5 g/kg 66 % Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.7 5.2 g/kg 66 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 3 3.3 g/kg 69 % Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.6 3 g/kg 61 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.6 6.3 g/kg 65 % Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.9 2.1 g/kg 64 % Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.9 4.4 g/kg 69 % Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.1 3.5 g/kg 65 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 6.5 7.3 g/kg 63 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 9.2 10.3 g/kg 70 % Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.1 5.7 g/kg 60 % Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.7 4.1 g/kg 65 % Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 3.6 4 g/kg 67 % DE growing pig (MJ) 8.2 9.2 MJ/kg - 1 ME growing pig (MJ) 7.7 8.6 MJ/kg - 1 NE growing pig (MJ) 4.2 4.8 MJ/kg - DE adult pig (MJ) 11.3 12.7 MJ/kg - 1 ME adult pig (MJ) 10.3 11.5 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 6 6.8 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 3.5 4 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 3.5 3.9 MJ/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 10.1 11.3 MJ/kg - 1 1 DE rabbit (MJ) 5.9 6.7 MJ/kg - ME rabbit (MJ) 5.4 6.1 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 8.4 9.4 MJ/kg - VEM CVB 2018 874 983 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 923 1038 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 83 93 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 -34 -39 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 6.4 7.2 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 1.7 2 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 59.6 67 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 2.65 2.98 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.28 1.44 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 1.2 1.35 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.38 1.56 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 0.85 0.96 Mcal/kg - Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 43 % Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 49 % EN Lactation ruminants GfE 6.2 7 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 142 160 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE -5 -5 g/kg - Starch, enzymatic method 0.1 0.1 % - 0 -0.3 3 0 -0.3 3 Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg -