Dry matter 87.5 100 % - 1.4 82.7 -97.5 1829 2.2 Crude protein 2.5 2.8 % - 0.7 0.6 -6.1 485 0.8 0.7 -7 519 Crude fibre 3 3.4 % - 0.7 1.5 -8.2 1643 0.8 1.6 -9.2 1664 Crude fat 0.6 0.7 % - 0.3 0.1 -1.6 162 0.3 0.1 -1.9 193 Ash 2.7 3.1 % - 1.2 0.9 -8 1091 1.3 1 -8.9 1094 Insoluble ash 0.7 0.7 % - 0.9 0 -4.4 378 1 0 -5.3 308 NDF 6.7 7.6 % - 2.4 2.7 -11.7 22 2.8 3.1 -13.9 52 ADF 4.2 4.8 % - 1.7 1.6 -7.1 22 2 1.8 -8.9 49 Lignin 1.1 1.2 % - 0.8 0.05 -3.8 12 0.9 0.06 -4.2 41 Water insoluble cell walls 5.9 6.8 % - 1 Starch 71.9 82.2 % - 1.7 70 -74 1686 1.5 71.3 -86.9 1576 Total sugars 2.4 2.7 % - 1.2 0.4 -4.8 31 1.3 0.5 -5.5 35 Gross energy (kcal) 3550 4060 kcal/kg - 100 3420 -3920 18 90 3770 -4350 46 Calcium 1.3 1.4 g/kg - 0.8 0.2 -4.3 114 0.9 0.2 -5 121 Phosphorus 0.9 1.1 g/kg - 0.3 0.1 -1.8 111 0.4 0.2 -2 119 Phytate phosphorus 0.2 0.3 g/kg 25 % P 25-29 2 Magnesium 0.7 0.9 g/kg - 0.2 0.2 -1.4 59 0.3 0.2 -1.8 61 Potassium 8.7 9.9 g/kg - 3.2 2.9 -20.2 73 3.7 3.4 -21.8 71 Sodium 0.38 0.44 g/kg - 0.33 0.1 -0.85 18 0.38 0.12 -1.4 17 Chlorine 0.2 0.3 g/kg - 0.07 0.1 -0.5 18 0.08 0.1 -0.4 16 Sulfur 2.7 3.1 g/kg - Dietary cation-anion difference 65 74 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 233 266 mEq/kg - Manganese 20 23 mg/kg - 9 6 -22 8 10 7 -43 8 Zinc 29 33 mg/kg - 33 7 -31 6 38 7 -116 7 Copper 4 4 mg/kg - 2 2 -6 7 2 2 -7 8 Iron 126 143 mg/kg - 136 5 -351 7 Selenium 0.06 0.07 mg/kg - 1 Cobalt 0.2 0.2 mg/kg - 1 Lysine 0.9 1.1 g/kg 3.8 g/16g N 0.4 0.5 -2.1 17 0.5 0.6 -2.4 16 0.6 2.3-4.9 16 Threonine 0.7 0.8 g/kg 3 g/16g N 0.3 0.4 -1.2 5 0.3 0.5 -1.3 7 0.5 2.6-3.8 7 Methionine 0.4 0.5 g/kg 1.6 g/16g N 0.2 0.2 -0.7 9 0.2 0.1 -0.8 9 0.4 0.8-1.9 11 Cystine 0.4 0.5 g/kg 1.8 g/16g N 0.2 0.2 -0.7 6 0.3 0.2 -0.8 6 0.6 0.8-2.7 8 Methionine + cystine 0.8 1 g/kg 3.4 g/16g N 0.4 0.4 -1.2 6 0.5 0.4 -1.4 6 1 1.7-4.7 8 Tryptophan 0.2 0.2 g/kg 0.8 g/16g N 0.2 -0.4 4 0.2 -0.4 2 0.5-1.2 4 Isoleucine 0.7 0.8 g/kg 3 g/16g N 0.3 0.3 -1.2 6 0.4 0.3 -1.3 6 0.3 2.5-3.3 8 Valine 1.1 1.2 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 0.3 0.4 -1.2 5 0.4 0.5 -1.3 5 0.5 3.5-5.1 7 Leucine 1.3 1.5 g/kg 5.3 g/16g N 0.6 0.5 -2.2 6 0.7 0.6 -2.5 6 0.7 4.2-6.1 8 Phenylalanine 0.9 1 g/kg 3.5 g/16g N 0.4 0.3 -1.4 6 0.5 0.3 -1.6 6 0.5 2.3-3.9 8 Tyrosine 0.6 0.7 g/kg 2.5 g/16g N 0.5 1.6-2.7 5 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 1.5 1.7 g/kg 6 g/16g N 0.8 4.3-6.2 5 Histidine 1 1.2 g/kg 4.1 g/16g N 0.5 0.3 -1.3 5 0.6 0.2 -1.5 5 1.5 1.3-4.9 7 Arginine 1 1.1 g/kg 3.9 g/16g N 0.4 0.4 -1.6 6 0.5 -1.8 4 0.7 2.8-4.4 6 Alanine 1.2 1.4 g/kg 5 g/16g N 0.4 0.5 -1.8 7 0.5 0.6 -2 7 1 3.8-6.8 9 Aspartic acid 1.6 1.9 g/kg 6.7 g/16g N 0.7 0.7 -2.8 7 0.8 0.8 -3.1 7 0.8 5.7-7.9 9 Glutamic acid 2.9 3.3 g/kg 11.6 g/16g N 1.1 1.4 -4.8 7 1.3 1.6 -5.3 7 3.5 6.5-17.5 9 Glycine 0.8 0.9 g/kg 3.3 g/16g N 0.3 0.4 -1.3 6 0.4 0.5 -1.4 6 0.4 3-4 8 Serine 0.8 0.9 g/kg 3.1 g/16g N 0.3 0.4 -1.3 7 0.4 0.4 -1.4 7 0.7 1.7-4.2 9 Proline 1.1 1.3 g/kg 4.6 g/16g N C12:0 lauric acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 3.9 % FA 1 0.2-7.6 2 C14:0 myristic acid 0.07 0.08 g/kg 1.5 % FA 1 0-3.3 3 C16:0 palmitic acid 1.5 1.8 g/kg 31.6 % FA 1 28.6-35.1 3 C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.1 0.1 g/kg 2.4 % FA 1 0.7-4.1 2 C18:0 stearic acid 0.1 0.2 g/kg 2.8 % FA 1 2-3.7 3 C18:1 oleic acid 1.8 2 g/kg 35.9 % FA 1 33.2-37.5 3 C18:2 linoleic acid 0.8 0.9 g/kg 15.7 % FA 1 14.5-18.1 3 C18:3 linolenic acid 0.4 0.4 g/kg 7.7 % FA 1 4.2-11 3 Fatty acids 0.5 0.6 % 80 % fat Vitamin B1 thiamin 1.6 1.9 mg/kg - Vitamin B2 riboflavin 0.8 0.9 mg/kg - Vitamin B6 pyridoxine 1 1.2 mg/kg - Vitamin B12 0 0 µg/kg - Niacin 3.1 3.5 mg/kg - Pantothenic acid 1 1.2 mg/kg - DE growing pig (kcal) 3270 3740 kcal/kg - 260 2990 -3500 8 290 3360 -4030 8 ME growing pig (kcal) 3220 3680 kcal/kg - NE growing pig (kcal) 2610 2980 kcal/kg - DE adult pig (kcal) 3320 3790 kcal/kg - ME adult pig (kcal) 3250 3710 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 2620 3000 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 92.2 % 6.7 84.6-99.4 6 OM digestibility growing pig - 93 % N digestibility growing pig - 30 % Crude fat digestibility pig - 0 % Energy digestibility adult pig - 93.4 % OM digestibility adult pig - 94 % N digestibility adult pig - 40.4 % Digestible P pig (no phytase) 0.09 0.1 g/kg 10 % 1 AMEn cockerel (kcal) 3220 3680 kcal/kg - AMEn broiler (kcal) 3220 3680 kcal/kg - 230 2950 -3530 4 260 3200 -3780 5 Available P cockerel 0.2 0.3 g/kg 25 % P PDIA INRA 2007 10 11 g/kg - PDIN INRA 2007 17 20 g/kg - PDIE INRA 2007 65 74 g/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 2580 2950 kcal/kg - 160 180 2740 -3090 5 Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 85.1 % 3.3 84.4-92.8 5 OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 89.2 % 2.8 87.9-95.1 5 N digestibility ruminants - 34.6 % N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 85 % Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 41.5 % Absorbable P ruminants 0.5 0.5 g/kg 50 % P N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 59 % Immediately degradable N (a) - 47 % Potentially degradable N (b) - 28 % 27-34 2 Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.045 h-1 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 84 % Immediately degradable starch (a) - 73 % Potentially degradable starch (b) - 27 % Degradation rate of particles starch (c) - 0.04 h-1 DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 89 % Immediately degradable DM (a) - 76 % 1 Potentially degradable DM (b) - 23 % 1 Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.08 h-1 1 Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 7.5 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.3 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.1 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.5 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.9 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 8.1 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.3 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.7 % PDIE OM digestibility horse - 86.5 % Energy digestibility horse - 83.1 % Horse Forage Unit 1.05 1.2 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 8 9 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 3010 3440 kcal/kg - ME rabbit (kcal) 2980 3410 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 84.9 % N digestibility rabbit - 56.3 % Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.5 0.6 g/kg 53 % Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.4 0.4 g/kg 50 % Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.2 0.3 g/kg 56 % Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.2 0.3 g/kg 50 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.4 0.5 g/kg 53 % Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 0.1 0.1 g/kg 55 % Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.4 0.4 g/kg 53 % Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.6 0.6 g/kg 53 % Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.7 0.8 g/kg 54 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.5 0.5 g/kg 54 % Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.3 0.4 g/kg 51 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.8 0.9 g/kg 53 % Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.5 0.6 g/kg 48 % Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.5 0.6 g/kg 51 % Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.7 0.8 g/kg 56 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 0.8 0.9 g/kg 50 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 1.4 1.6 g/kg 50 % Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.4 0.5 g/kg 51 % Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.4 0.4 g/kg 48 % Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 0.5 0.6 g/kg 47 % Gross energy (MJ) 14.9 17 MJ/kg - 0.4 14.3 -16.4 18 0.4 15.8 -18.2 46 Absorbable Ca ruminants 0.7 0.8 g/kg 55 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 68 % UFL FL1 INRA 2018 0.99 1.13 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 1.01 1.15 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 9 10 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 61 69 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 -79 -91 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 0.98 1.12 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 0.99 1.14 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 9 10 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 59 68 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 -77 -88 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1720 1970 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1750 2000 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2560 2920 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 87.9 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 83.7 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 56 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 78 % Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 7.5 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.3 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.3 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.4 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.8 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 8.2 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.1 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.4 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.8 % PDI ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 10.7 12.2 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 7.2 8.2 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 7.3 8.4 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 83 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 0.95 1.08 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 0.96 1.09 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 10 11 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 58 67 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 -75 -86 g/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.072 0.082 per kg - C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:0 arachidic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:0 behenic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:1 erucic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C24:0 lignoceric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA Digestible P pig (with phytase) 0.1 0.2 g/kg 15 % Available P broiler 0.2 0.3 g/kg 25 % P UFL INRA 2007 0.97 1.11 per kg - 1.07 -1.2 3 UFV INRA 2007 0.98 1.12 per kg - 1.07 -1.23 3 DE salmonids (kcal) 1600 1830 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility, salmonids - 45.2 % N digestibility salmonids - 53.8 % Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 0.6 0.7 g/kg 64 % Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 0.5 0.6 g/kg 69 % Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 0.3 0.4 g/kg 82 % Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 0.3 0.4 g/kg 76 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 0.7 0.8 g/kg 79 % Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 0.2 0.2 g/kg 85 % Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 0.2 0.2 g/kg 29 % Valine, ileal standardised, pig 0.8 0.9 g/kg 74 % Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 1 1.1 g/kg 75 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 0.5 0.6 g/kg 62 % Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 0.4 0.5 g/kg 66 % Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 0.9 1.1 g/kg 64 % Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 0.8 0.9 g/kg 76 % Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 0.9 1 g/kg 91 % Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 1 1.2 g/kg 85 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 1.4 1.6 g/kg 86 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 2.6 2.9 g/kg 90 % Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 0.7 0.8 g/kg 86 % Serine, ileal standardised, pig 0.7 0.8 g/kg 87 % Proline, ileal standardised, pig 1 1.1 g/kg 87 % DE growing pig (MJ) 13.7 15.7 MJ/kg - ME growing pig (MJ) 13.5 15.4 MJ/kg - NE growing pig (MJ) 10.9 12.5 MJ/kg - DE adult pig (MJ) 13.9 15.9 MJ/kg - ME adult pig (MJ) 13.6 15.5 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 11 12.6 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 13.5 15.4 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 13.5 15.4 MJ/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 10.8 12.3 MJ/kg - 156 DE rabbit (MJ) 12.6 14.4 MJ/kg - ME rabbit (MJ) 12.5 14.3 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 6.7 7.7 MJ/kg - VEM CVB 2018 974 1113 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 1076 1229 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 61 70 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 -81 -92 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 5.6 6.4 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 2 2.3 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 73.8 84.4 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 3.13 3.57 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.59 1.82 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 1.51 1.72 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.73 1.97 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.16 1.32 Mcal/kg - Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 40 % Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 42 % EN Lactation ruminants GfE 6.9 7.9 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 109 125 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE -14 -15 g/kg - Starch, enzymatic method 69 78.8 % - 3.6 60.5 -69.6 14 Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg -