Dry matter 87.2 100 % - 1.2 79.2 -94.2 1994 1.9 Crude protein 20.3 23.3 % - 1.2 14.5 -25.4 2317 1.4 17 -29.1 1992 Crude fibre 5.6 6.4 % - 0.6 3.6 -8.1 653 0.7 4.3 -9.2 543 Crude fat 1.2 1.4 % - 0.4 0.5 -2.3 398 0.5 0.6 -2.6 337 Ash 3.1 3.5 % - 0.3 2.3 -4.2 506 0.4 2.5 -4.9 435 Insoluble ash 0.06 0.07 % - 0.06 0 -0.2 10 0.06 0 -0.2 9 NDF 12.7 14.6 % - 3 8.2 -20 104 3.4 9.3 -22.3 76 ADF 6.4 7.3 % - 1 4 -8.8 105 1.1 4.6 -10.7 75 Lignin 0.4 0.5 % - 0.4 0 -1.8 489 0.4 0 -2 540 Water insoluble cell walls 13.1 15 % - 1.1 9.5 -17.4 408 1.3 11.5 -20.1 538 Starch 44.7 51.3 % - 1.7 35.5 -50.1 1706 1.8 40.5 -57.3 1478 Total sugars 4.2 4.8 % - 0.6 2.8 -5.5 599 0.7 3.2 -6.3 659 Gross energy (kcal) 3810 4370 kcal/kg - 70 3700 -4060 88 50 4150 -4540 178 Calcium 1 1.2 g/kg - 0.5 0.1 -3 2090 0.5 0.1 -3.5 1603 Phosphorus 3.8 4.4 g/kg - 0.5 2.5 -5.2 159 0.6 2.9 -5.9 101 Phytate phosphorus 1.7 2 g/kg 45 % P 0.6 0.9 -2.8 26 0.7 0.8 -4.4 40 12 20-69 35 Magnesium 1.1 1.3 g/kg - 0.1 0.9 -1.4 21 0.1 1 -1.6 18 Potassium 9.9 11.4 g/kg - 0.8 8.1 -11.8 64 0.9 9.4 -13.3 38 Sodium 0.04 0.04 g/kg - 0.05 0 -0.48 407 0.05 0 -0.47 380 Chlorine 1 1.1 g/kg - 0.2 0.4 -1.8 63 0.3 0.5 -1.6 35 Sulfur 1.9 2.2 g/kg - 0.3 1.2 -2.1 8 0.4 1.4 -2.4 8 Dietary cation-anion difference 110 126 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 227 261 mEq/kg - Manganese 13 15 mg/kg - 9 4 -39 23 11 5 -45 22 Zinc 34 39 mg/kg - 7 23 -52 20 8 27 -60 19 Copper 7 8 mg/kg - 2 4 -14 20 2 5 -15 18 Iron 94 108 mg/kg - 98 27 -444 28 112 32 -512 16 Selenium 0.01 0.01 mg/kg - 0.01 -0.01 2 0.01 -0.01 2 Cobalt 0.09 0.1 mg/kg - 0.08 -0.09 4 0.1 -0.1 4 Molybdenum 2 2 mg/kg - 1 0.8 -3 6 2 1 -4 5 Iodine 0.3 0.3 mg/kg - 0.2 0.09 -0.5 5 0.2 0.1 -0.6 5 Lysine 14.8 17 g/kg 7.3 g/16g N 1 11.2 -17.7 519 1.1 13.1 -20.1 523 0.3 6.4-8 552 Threonine 7.8 8.9 g/kg 3.8 g/16g N 0.6 5.9 -9.2 302 0.6 6.8 -10.6 315 0.2 3.3-4.4 337 Methionine 2 2.3 g/kg 1 g/16g N 0.2 1.5 -2.9 330 0.3 1.7 -3.4 339 0.1 0.7-1.5 361 Cystine 2.8 3.2 g/kg 1.4 g/16g N 0.3 2 -4.3 314 0.4 2.4 -5.1 323 0.1 1.1-1.9 345 Methionine + cystine 4.8 5.4 g/kg 2.3 g/16g N 0.4 4 -6.2 298 0.4 4.5 -7.1 304 0.2 2-3.1 326 Tryptophan 1.8 2 g/kg 0.9 g/16g N 0.2 1.4 -2.5 212 0.2 1.4 -3 227 0.07 0.7-1.2 249 Isoleucine 8.5 9.8 g/kg 4.2 g/16g N 0.8 6.1 -11.2 296 0.9 7.1 -12.6 312 0.3 3.4-4.9 335 Valine 9.6 11 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N 0.9 6.5 -12.4 296 1 7.5 -13.9 313 0.3 3.8-5.5 336 Leucine 14.5 16.6 g/kg 7.1 g/16g N 1.3 10.5 -18.4 296 1.4 12.2 -20.6 312 0.3 6.3-8 335 Phenylalanine 9.6 11 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N 0.8 7.1 -12.5 297 0.9 8.3 -14.2 313 0.2 4.1-5.4 335 Tyrosine 6.3 7.3 g/kg 3.1 g/16g N 0.8 4.5 -9.2 174 0.9 5.3 -10.3 184 0.3 2.3-4.2 205 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 15.9 18.3 g/kg 7.8 g/16g N 1.5 12.8 -21.6 162 1.7 15 -24.1 171 0.4 7-9.5 192 Histidine 5.1 5.9 g/kg 2.5 g/16g N 0.5 3.8 -6.6 282 0.6 4.2 -7.5 292 0.1 2.1-3 314 Arginine 17.3 19.9 g/kg 8.5 g/16g N 2.5 10 -24.9 293 2.8 11.7 -27.5 307 0.7 6.7-10.9 329 Alanine 9 10.3 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 0.8 6.7 -11.6 285 0.9 7.8 -13.8 302 0.3 3.6-5.4 324 Aspartic acid 23.7 27.2 g/kg 11.7 g/16g N 2.2 17.3 -29.2 288 2.5 20.2 -33.6 304 0.5 9.1-13.3 326 Glutamic acid 33.2 38.1 g/kg 16.3 g/16g N 3.5 24.4 -44.6 289 4 28.6 -51.9 306 1 14.7-20 328 Glycine 9 10.3 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 0.7 6.7 -11.8 289 0.8 7.8 -12.9 307 0.2 3.7-5 328 Serine 9.5 10.9 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N 0.9 7.2 -12.2 286 1 8.3 -14.1 303 0.2 3.8-5.5 325 Proline 8.5 9.7 g/kg 4.2 g/16g N 0.9 6 -12 184 1.1 7 -13.6 189 0.3 3.5-5.8 211 C14:0 myristic acid 0.04 0.04 g/kg 0.4 % FA 0.1 0.3-0.6 6 C16:0 palmitic acid 1.4 1.6 g/kg 14.3 % FA 0.3 0.8 -2.4 29 0.4 0.9 -2.7 25 2.3 9.9-28.5 90 C18:0 stearic acid 0.4 0.4 g/kg 3.8 % FA 0.1 0.2 -0.7 30 0.1 0.2 -0.7 26 3.4 1.2-26.4 90 C18:1 oleic acid 2.5 2.8 g/kg 24.8 % FA 0.7 2 -5.5 28 0.8 2.6 -6.3 25 4.9 12.8-36.3 88 C18:2 linoleic acid 4.7 5.4 g/kg 47.3 % FA 0.9 4.1 -8 29 1 4.7 -8.3 27 5.9 20.9-60.9 89 C18:3 linolenic acid 0.9 1 g/kg 8.8 % FA 0.2 0.7 -1.6 23 0.3 0.9 -1.9 19 2 5.4-13.9 84 C20:0 arachidic acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 1.6 % FA 0.7-3.3 3 Fatty acids 1 1.1 % 82 % fat 4 78-89 5 Vitamin A 0.4 0.5 1000 IU/kg - Vitamin E 4.2 4.8 mg/kg - Vitamin K 0.3 0.3 mg/kg - Vitamin B1 thiamin 4.5 5.2 mg/kg - Vitamin B2 riboflavin 1.8 2.1 mg/kg - Vitamin B6 pyridoxine 4.1 4.7 mg/kg - Vitamin B12 0 0 µg/kg - Niacin 25 28.6 mg/kg - Pantothenic acid 14.3 16.4 mg/kg - Folic acid 0.8 1 mg/kg - Biotin 0.2 0.2 mg/kg - Vitamin C 15.7 18 mg/kg - Choline 598 685 mg/kg - Phytase activity 130 150 IU/kg - 60 10 -290 26 70 10 -340 27 DE growing pig (kcal) 3330 3820 kcal/kg - 110 3130 -3590 50 120 3640 -4140 64 ME growing pig (kcal) 3180 3640 kcal/kg - NE growing pig (kcal) 2330 2670 kcal/kg - 1 1 DE adult pig (kcal) 3460 3970 kcal/kg - 1 ME adult pig (kcal) 3280 3760 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 2400 2750 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 87.4 % 2.7 80.8-93.6 64 OM digestibility growing pig - 89.5 % 2.4 83-94.9 35 N digestibility growing pig - 83.1 % 3.2 76.1-91.3 62 N digestibility ileal standardised pig - 80 % 3.6 64.9-88.3 56 Crude fat digestibility pig - 10.9 % 1 Energy digestibility adult pig - 90.7 % 1 OM digestibility adult pig - 92.5 % 1 N digestibility adult pig - 86.8 % Digestible P pig (no phytase) 1.8 2.1 g/kg 47 % AMEn cockerel, ground (kcal) 2510 2880 kcal/kg - AMEn cockerel, pelleted (kcal) 2760 3170 kcal/kg - 1 1 AMEn broiler, ground (kcal) 2450 2810 kcal/kg - AMEn broiler, pelleted (kcal) 2700 3100 kcal/kg - 1 80 2800 -3210 40 Available P broiler 1 1.1 g/kg 26 % P PDIA INRA 2007 29 33 g/kg - 12 22 -52 2 14 21 -59 7 PDIN INRA 2007 128 146 g/kg - 10 140 -171 11 PDIE INRA 2007 82 94 g/kg - 14 88 -136 11 ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 2720 3120 kcal/kg - 200 230 2920 -3560 8 Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 88.1 % OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 89.9 % 2.8 89.8-98.8 9 N digestibility ruminants - 77.1 % 1 N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 91 % Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 60.9 % Absorbable P ruminants 2.8 3.2 g/kg 73 % P N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 86 % 10 60-98 20 Immediately degradable N (a) - 67 % 22 12-72 5 Potentially degradable N (b) - 29 % 28 11-84 5 Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.115 h-1 0.048 0.05-0.18 5 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 79 % Immediately degradable starch (a) - 46 % Potentially degradable starch (b) - 54 % Degradation rate of particles starch (c) - 0.095 h-1 DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 80 % 15 59-98 6 Immediately degradable DM (a) - 56 % Potentially degradable DM (b) - 42 % Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.08 h-1 0.058-0.131 4 Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 7.7 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 1.7 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.3 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.7 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 8.2 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.1 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.3 % PDIE OM digestibility horse - 85.6 % 1 Energy digestibility horse - 82.2 % Horse Forage Unit 0.97 1.11 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 157 180 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 3030 3480 kcal/kg - ME rabbit (kcal) 2820 3230 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 79.5 % N digestibility rabbit - 85.3 % DE salmonids (kcal) 2260 2590 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility, salmonids - 59.2 % N digestibility salmonids - 80.4 % Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 12.3 14.1 g/kg 83 % 1 1 4 68-90 61 Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 5.9 6.8 g/kg 76 % 1 1 4 64-85 61 Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 1.6 1.8 g/kg 80 % 1 1 5 65-86 61 Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 2 2.3 g/kg 72 % 1 1 4 59-82 61 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 3.6 4.1 g/kg 75 % 1 1 5 62-84 29 Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 1.3 1.5 g/kg 73 % 1 1 6 52-86 59 Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 6.7 7.7 g/kg 79 % 1 1 4 61-87 61 Valine, ileal standardised, pig 7.4 8.5 g/kg 77 % 1 1 4 62-86 61 Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 11.5 13.2 g/kg 80 % 1 1 4 63-87 61 Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 7.7 8.8 g/kg 80 % 1 1 4 64-88 61 Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 5.1 5.9 g/kg 81 % 1 1 4 71-89 61 Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 12.8 14.7 g/kg 80 % 1 1 5 67-89 27 Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 4.3 4.9 g/kg 84 % 1 1 4 72-91 61 Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 15.4 17.7 g/kg 89 % 1 1 2 81-95 61 Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 6.7 7.7 g/kg 75 % 1 1 5 63-85 42 Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 19.4 22.2 g/kg 82 % 1 1 4 71-89 42 Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 27.7 31.8 g/kg 84 % 1 1 4 72-91 42 Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 7 8 g/kg 78 % 1 1 5 63-88 42 Serine, ileal standardised, pig 7.5 8.6 g/kg 79 % 1 1 4 68-87 42 Proline, ileal standardised, pig 6.6 7.6 g/kg 78 % 1 1 3 78-86 5 Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 13.4 15.4 g/kg 91 % 87-93 3 Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.6 7.5 g/kg 84 % 81-89 3 Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.7 2 g/kg 87 % 84-90 3 Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.2 2.5 g/kg 80 % 77-84 3 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.9 4.5 g/kg 83 % 80-86 3 Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 1.4 1.6 g/kg 78 % 1 Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 7.4 8.5 g/kg 87 % 85-89 3 Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.3 9.5 g/kg 86 % 84-89 3 Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 12.7 14.5 g/kg 87 % 85-90 3 Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.4 9.6 g/kg 88 % 83-92 3 Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.6 6.4 g/kg 88 % 1 Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 14 16 g/kg 88 % Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.5 5.2 g/kg 89 % 87-90 3 Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 16 18.4 g/kg 93 % 91-94 3 Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 8 9.1 g/kg 89 % 88-90 2 Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 21.1 24.1 g/kg 89 % 88-90 2 Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 30.9 35.4 g/kg 93 % 92-94 2 Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 7.8 8.9 g/kg 86 % 84-89 3 Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.2 9.4 g/kg 86 % 83-89 3 Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 7.4 8.5 g/kg 87 % 85-89 2 Gross energy (MJ) 16 18.3 MJ/kg - 0.3 15.5 -17 88 0.2 17.4 -19 178 Absorbable Ca ruminants 0.6 0.6 g/kg 55 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 88 % UFL FL1 INRA 2018 1.07 1.23 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 1.09 1.25 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 29 34 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 82 94 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 76 87 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 1.05 1.21 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 1.07 1.23 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 35 40 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 85 98 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 74 84 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1850 2120 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1890 2160 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2750 3160 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 88.6 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 86.7 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 81 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 77 % Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 7.9 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 1.7 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.1 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.5 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 8.3 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.1 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.2 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.6 % PDI ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 11.8 13.5 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 8 9.2 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 8.2 9.4 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 77 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 1.02 1.17 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 1.03 1.18 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 43 49 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 92 106 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 67 77 g/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Phosphorus consumption 2.68 3.08 g P/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Phosphorus consumption 2.68 3.08 g P/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) 2.14 2.46 MJ/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) 2.33 2.67 MJ/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Climate change (ILCD) 179 205 g CO2eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Climate change (ILCD) 189 216 g CO2eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Acidification (ILCD) 0.0024 0.0027 mol H+eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Acidification (ILCD) 0.0024 0.0028 mol H+eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Eutrophication (CML baseline) 9.82 11.26 g PO4---eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Eutrophication (CML baseline) 10.08 11.55 g PO4---eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Land competition (CML non baseline) 0.0002 0.0002 m²yr/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Land competition (CML non baseline) 0.0002 0.0002 m²yr/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.132 0.152 per kg - C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C12:0 lauric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.02 0.02 g/kg 0.2 % FA 1 C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0.05 0.06 g/kg 0.6 % FA 0.5-0.6 2 C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:0 behenic acid 0.03 0.03 g/kg 0.3 % FA 0.3-0.3 2 C22:1 erucic acid 0.02 0.03 g/kg 0.2 % FA 0.2-0.2 2 C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C24:0 lignoceric acid 0.03 0.03 g/kg 0.3 % FA 0.2-0.3 2 Digestible P pig (with phytase) 2.7 3.1 g/kg 71 % AMEn cockerel (kcal) 2510 2880 kcal/kg - 240 2340 -2890 7 280 2470 -3320 14 AMEn broiler (kcal) 2450 2810 kcal/kg - 280 1890 -2860 10 320 2110 -3270 15 Available P cockerel 1 1.1 g/kg 26 % P UFL INRA 2007 1.02 1.17 per kg - 0.03 0.03 1.15 -1.23 5 UFV INRA 2007 1.02 1.17 per kg - 0.03 0.04 1.14 -1.22 5 Digestible P salmonids 1.6 1.9 g/kg 43 % DE growing pig (MJ) 14 16 MJ/kg - ME growing pig (MJ) 13.3 15.3 MJ/kg - NE growing pig (MJ) 9.7 11.2 MJ/kg - 1 1 DE adult pig (MJ) 14.5 16.6 MJ/kg - 1 ME adult pig (MJ) 13.7 15.7 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 10 11.5 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 10.5 12 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 10.2 11.7 MJ/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 11.4 13.1 MJ/kg - 198 DE rabbit (MJ) 12.7 14.5 MJ/kg - ME rabbit (MJ) 11.8 13.5 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 9.4 10.8 MJ/kg - VEM CVB 2018 1021 1171 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 1122 1286 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 82 94 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 78 89 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 5.2 5.9 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 1.5 1.7 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 73.9 84.8 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 3.38 3.88 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.76 2.02 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 1.67 1.91 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.9 2.18 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.31 1.5 Mcal/kg - Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 13 % Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 15 % EN Lactation ruminants GfE 7.2 8.3 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 154 177 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE 8 9 g/kg - Starch, enzymatic method 41.7 47.8 % - 4 31.2 -50.3 84 4.5 35.8 -60.1 92 Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg -