Dry matter 90.6 100 % - 1 83.5 -95.3 1539 1.6 Crude protein 16.2 17.9 % - 0.6 15 -18 1897 0.6 17 -19 1529 Crude fibre 26.2 28.9 % - 2.1 17.7 -35.3 1794 2.3 18.9 -36.6 1409 Crude fat 2.2 2.5 % - 0.5 1 -4.2 556 0.6 1.1 -4.7 568 Ash 11.1 12.3 % - 1.2 7.7 -18.6 689 1.3 8.1 -19.9 441 Insoluble ash 0.5 0.6 % - 0.4 0.1 -1.8 28 0.5 0.1 -2 24 NDF 40.9 45.2 % - 3.4 28.6 -54 660 3.7 33.2 -55.1 577 ADF 29.8 32.9 % - 2.9 8.6 -41.2 666 3.2 23 -42.2 581 Lignin 7.7 8.5 % - 1.2 3.3 -23.5 565 1.4 4.8 -13.9 494 Water insoluble cell walls 42 46.3 % - 1.3 40.8 -43.8 5 45.6 -48.1 3 Starch 2.8 3.1 % - 0.8 0.5 -4 56 0.9 0.6 -4.4 56 Total sugars 4 4.4 % - 1.2 1.6 -6.7 32 1.3 1.7 -7 32 Gross energy (kcal) 4000 4420 kcal/kg - 110 3780 -4140 12 110 4150 -4530 22 Calcium 21.2 23.3 g/kg - 3.8 7.5 -35 1075 4.2 10.5 -38.6 1040 Phosphorus 2.4 2.7 g/kg - 0.3 1.4 -3.5 869 0.3 1.5 -3.9 837 Phytate phosphorus 0.1 0.1 g/kg 5 % P Magnesium 1.9 2 g/kg - 0.5 1.1 -3.2 130 0.5 1.2 -3.6 130 Potassium 23.6 26 g/kg - 3.7 13 -33.7 112 4.1 16.6 -37.7 104 Sodium 0.39 0.43 g/kg - 0.5 0 -2.04 116 0.55 0 -2.3 107 Chlorine 5.4 6 g/kg - 2.2 0.4 -10.1 66 2.4 0.5 -10.8 49 Sulfur 2.7 2.9 g/kg - 1.4 2.1 -7.7 22 1.6 2.3 -8.6 23 Dietary cation-anion difference 302 333 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 468 516 mEq/kg - Manganese 32 36 mg/kg - 18 2 -58 13 19 2 -66 15 Zinc 23 25 mg/kg - 9 7 -59 90 9 8 -64 88 Copper 6 7 mg/kg - 4 0.9 -40 84 5 1 -44 84 Iron 312 345 mg/kg - 302 102 -1566 44 333 117 -1768 45 Selenium 0.2 0.3 mg/kg - 0.1 0 -0.5 26 0.1 0 -0.5 27 Cobalt 0.8 0.9 mg/kg - 1 Molybdenum 0.3 0.3 mg/kg - 1 Iodine 0.5 0.5 mg/kg - 0.2 0 -0.8 26 0.2 0 -0.9 26 Lysine 7.1 7.8 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 0.7 5.7 -7.9 11 0.8 6.8 -9.5 12 0.4 3.6-5.1 13 Threonine 6 6.6 g/kg 3.7 g/16g N 0.4 5.9 -6.8 8 0.4 6.4 -7.6 9 0.2 3.5-4.3 10 Methionine 1.8 2 g/kg 1.1 g/16g N 0.5 1.2 -2.7 9 0.5 1.4 -2.9 9 0.3 0.7-1.6 10 Cystine 2.1 2.3 g/kg 1.3 g/16g N 1 1 Methionine + cystine 3.9 4.3 g/kg 2.4 g/16g N 1 1 Tryptophan 2.3 2.5 g/kg 1.4 g/16g N Isoleucine 6.3 7 g/kg 3.9 g/16g N 0.9 5.4 -7.8 9 1 5.8 -9.2 10 0.6 3.3-4.9 11 Valine 9.8 10.9 g/kg 6.1 g/16g N 1.5 7.1 -12.6 10 1.6 7.7 -13.1 11 0.8 4.3-7.1 12 Leucine 11.3 12.5 g/kg 6.9 g/16g N 1.3 9.9 -15.1 8 1.4 11.1 -15.7 9 0.8 6.2-8.5 10 Phenylalanine 7.2 7.9 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 0.8 6.4 -8.5 11 0.9 6.9 -9.9 12 0.5 3.9-5.4 13 Tyrosine 4.8 5.3 g/kg 2.9 g/16g N 4.2 -6.7 4 5 -7 4 0.5 2.6-3.8 5 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 12 13.2 g/kg 7.4 g/16g N 10.8 -15.2 4 12.9 -15.8 4 0.7 6.8-8.6 5 Histidine 2.3 2.6 g/kg 1.4 g/16g N 0.6 2.1 -3.3 4 0.6 2.5 -4.2 5 0.3 1.3-2.2 6 Arginine 6.3 7 g/kg 3.9 g/16g N 1.1 5.2 -8.1 8 1.2 5.6 -9.4 9 0.6 3.1-5 10 Alanine 8 8.8 g/kg 4.9 g/16g N 1.3 5.8 -10.9 10 1.4 7 -12.1 10 0.7 3.7-6.5 11 Aspartic acid 16.6 18.3 g/kg 10.2 g/16g N 2.6 13.3 -21.5 8 2.9 15 -23.5 8 1.6 8.1-12.8 9 Glutamic acid 14.8 16.4 g/kg 9.1 g/16g N 0.7 12.6 -15.7 9 0.8 14.3 -16.7 9 0.5 8-9.3 10 Glycine 7 7.7 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 1 6.2 -7.9 10 1 6.9 -10.1 11 0.5 3.9-5.4 12 Serine 6.7 7.4 g/kg 4.1 g/16g N 0.6 6.1 -7.3 8 0.6 6.7 -8.4 8 0.3 3.8-4.8 9 Proline 6.6 7.3 g/kg 4.1 g/16g N C12:0 lauric acid 0.08 0.09 g/kg 0.7 % FA 0.7 0.1-1.9 7 C14:0 myristic acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 1.5 % FA 1.1 0.4-3.1 8 C16:0 palmitic acid 1.8 2 g/kg 16.6 % FA 3 13.3-21.3 8 C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.1 0.2 g/kg 1.3 % FA 1.2 0.2-3.8 8 C18:0 stearic acid 0.3 0.3 g/kg 2.8 % FA 1.1 1.3-4.8 8 C18:1 oleic acid 0.8 0.9 g/kg 7.6 % FA 2.8 3.4-11.7 8 C18:2 linoleic acid 3.3 3.6 g/kg 29.3 % FA 7.4 17.6-40 8 C18:3 linolenic acid 4 4.4 g/kg 35.8 % FA 8.3 25.7-51.4 8 C20:0 arachidic acid 0.09 0.09 g/kg 0.8 % FA 0.3 0.4-1.1 8 C22:0 behenic acid 0.1 0.1 g/kg 0.9 % FA 1 1 0.7 0.3-2.3 8 C24:0 lignoceric acid 0.1 0.1 g/kg 1 % FA 0.9 0-2.8 8 Fatty acids 1.1 1.2 % 50 % fat Xanthophylls 226 250 mg/kg - 79 30 -472 160 87 63 -508 64 DE growing pig (kcal) 1740 1920 kcal/kg - 1 ME growing pig (kcal) 1630 1790 kcal/kg - NE growing pig (kcal) 900 1000 kcal/kg - DE adult pig (kcal) 1890 2080 kcal/kg - ME adult pig (kcal) 1710 1890 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 970 1070 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 43.5 % 1 OM digestibility growing pig - 49.2 % 1 N digestibility growing pig - 34.6 % 1 Crude fat digestibility pig - 16.8 % Energy digestibility adult pig - 47.2 % OM digestibility adult pig - 52.8 % N digestibility adult pig - 39.9 % AMEn cockerel (kcal) 1090 1200 kcal/kg - Available P broiler 2.1 2.3 g/kg 85 % P PDIA INRA 2007 54 59 g/kg - 51 -62 4 PDIN INRA 2007 106 117 g/kg - 115 -124 4 PDIE INRA 2007 92 102 g/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 1910 2110 kcal/kg - 1 1 Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 60.3 % 1 OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 63.1 % N digestibility ruminants - 68.8 % N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 75 % Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 62.2 % Absorbable P ruminants 1.8 2 g/kg 74 % P N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 60 % Immediately degradable N (a) - 26 % Potentially degradable N (b) - 57 % 53-64 2 Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.09 h-1 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 80 % DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 52 % 50-71 4 Immediately degradable DM (a) - 26 % 25-39 2 Potentially degradable DM (b) - 47 % 37-57 3 Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.075 h-1 0.035-0.119 3 Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 6.7 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 1.6 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.3 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 6.6 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 8.7 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.4 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 1.9 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.7 % PDIE OM digestibility horse - 61.8 % 1 Energy digestibility horse - 57.5 % 1 Horse Forage Unit 0.57 0.63 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 97 107 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 1790 1980 kcal/kg - 1 1 ME rabbit (kcal) 1670 1850 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 44.8 % 1 N digestibility rabbit - 58.8 % 55-59 2 DE salmonids (kcal) 2210 2440 kcal/kg - 1 1 Energy digestibility, salmonids - 43 % 1 N digestibility salmonids - 87 % 1 Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 4 4.5 g/kg 57 % Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 3.8 4.2 g/kg 64 % Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 1.3 1.5 g/kg 75 % Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 4.4 4.8 g/kg 69 % Valine, ileal standardised, pig 6.6 7.3 g/kg 67 % Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 8.2 9 g/kg 72 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 5.2 5.7 g/kg 72 % Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 3.2 3.5 g/kg 67 % Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 8.4 9.2 g/kg 70 % Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 1.3 1.5 g/kg 58 % Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 4.7 5.2 g/kg 75 % Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 5.5 6.1 g/kg 69 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 12.4 13.7 g/kg 75 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 10.3 11.4 g/kg 70 % Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 3.6 4 g/kg 51 % Serine, ileal standardised, pig 4.2 4.7 g/kg 63 % Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.2 4.6 g/kg 59 % Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.5 3.8 g/kg 57 % Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.1 1.2 g/kg 60 % Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.1 1.2 g/kg 54 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.2 2.4 g/kg 57 % Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 1.3 1.4 g/kg 55 % Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.7 4 g/kg 58 % Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.6 6.2 g/kg 57 % Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.4 7 g/kg 56 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.1 4.5 g/kg 56 % Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.7 3 g/kg 57 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.8 7.5 g/kg 57 % Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.3 1.4 g/kg 56 % Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.5 3.9 g/kg 55 % Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.7 5.2 g/kg 59 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 9.4 10.3 g/kg 56 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 8.5 9.4 g/kg 57 % Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.1 4.5 g/kg 58 % Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.8 4.2 g/kg 56 % Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 3.8 4.2 g/kg 57 % Gross energy (MJ) 16.8 18.5 MJ/kg - 0.5 15.8 -17.3 12 0.5 17.4 -19 22 Absorbable Ca ruminants 6.3 7 g/kg 30 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 64.2 % UFL FL1 INRA 2018 0.7 0.77 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 0.63 0.7 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 43 48 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 87 96 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 23 26 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 0.68 0.75 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 0.6 0.67 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 48 53 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 91 100 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 19 21 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1190 1320 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1060 1170 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1940 2140 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 61.7 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 58.9 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 60 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 82 % Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 6.8 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.1 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 1.8 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.2 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 6.5 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 8.9 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.4 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 1.9 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.8 % PDI ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 8.1 9 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 5 5.5 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 4.4 4.9 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 52 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 0.64 0.7 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 0.55 0.61 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 55 61 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 97 107 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 11 12 g/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.347 0.383 per kg - C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0.01 g/kg 0.04 % FA 1 C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0.01 0.02 g/kg 0.1 % FA 0.1 0-0.4 8 C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0.04 % FA 0.07 0-0.2 8 C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0.01 0.01 g/kg 0.07 % FA 0-0.2 3 C22:1 erucic acid 0.01 0.01 g/kg 0.09 % FA 0.1 0-0.4 8 C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0.01 0.01 g/kg 0.07 % FA 0.2 0-0.5 8 C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0.01 % FA 0.03 0-0.09 8 Digestible P pig (no phytase) 0.7 0.8 g/kg 30 % Digestible P pig (with phytase) 1.1 1.2 g/kg 45 % AMEn broiler (kcal) 1070 1180 kcal/kg - Available P cockerel 2.1 2.3 g/kg 85 % P UFL INRA 2007 0.65 0.72 per kg - 1 1 UFV INRA 2007 0.57 0.63 per kg - 1 1 Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 0.7 0.8 g/kg 35 % 1 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 2.1 2.3 g/kg 53 % Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 1.1 1.2 g/kg 46 % 1 Proline, ileal standardised, pig 4.2 4.7 g/kg 64 % 1 DE growing pig (MJ) 7.3 8.1 MJ/kg - 1 ME growing pig (MJ) 6.8 7.5 MJ/kg - NE growing pig (MJ) 3.8 4.2 MJ/kg - DE adult pig (MJ) 7.9 8.7 MJ/kg - ME adult pig (MJ) 7.2 7.9 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 4 4.5 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 4.6 5 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 4.5 4.9 MJ/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 8 8.8 MJ/kg - 1 1 DE rabbit (MJ) 7.5 8.3 MJ/kg - 1 1 ME rabbit (MJ) 7 7.7 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 9.2 10.2 MJ/kg - 1 1 VEM CVB 2018 653 720 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 627 692 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 66 73 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 29 32 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 3.1 3.5 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 1 1.1 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 47.6 52.5 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 2.19 2.42 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 0.97 1.07 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 0.91 1 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.03 1.13 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 0.52 0.57 Mcal/kg - Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 33 % Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 35 % EN Lactation ruminants GfE 4.6 5.1 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 140 155 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE 4 4 g/kg - Origin France, ex factory Phosphorus consumption 2.5 2.76 g P/kg - Origin France, ex factory Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) 9.51 10.49 MJ/kg - Origin France, ex factory Climate change (ILCD) 763 841 g CO2eq/kg - Origin France, ex factory Acidification (ILCD) 0.0058 0.0064 mol H+eq/kg - Origin France, ex factory Eutrophication (CML baseline) 10.86 11.99 g PO4---eq/kg - Origin France, ex factory Land competition (CML non baseline) 0.0005 0.0006 m²yr/kg - Starch, enzymatic method 0.09 0.1 % - 1 Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg -