Dry matter 90.2 100 % - 1.5 85.2 -94.9 238 2.3 Crude protein 36.7 40.7 % - 3.5 27.5 -50.7 280 3.8 30.4 -55.2 257 Crude fibre 17.1 19 % - 2.1 4.7 -20 251 2.3 5.1 -23.4 218 Crude fat 2.6 2.8 % - 1.2 0.04 -4.9 183 1.4 0.04 -5.5 180 Ash 6.4 7.1 % - 0.6 3.5 -8 165 0.7 3.9 -8.7 177 Insoluble ash 0.1 0.1 % - 0.06 0.01 -0.2 9 0.07 0.01 -0.3 10 NDF 32.2 35.8 % - 4.7 21.7 -45 31 5.2 23.2 -48.6 40 ADF 22.7 25.1 % - 2.8 13.6 -26.4 33 3.1 14.6 -28.5 43 Lignin 7.1 7.9 % - 1.5 3.8 -9.7 27 1.6 4.2 -10.7 32 Water insoluble cell walls 36.2 40.1 % - 34.7 -39.7 3 38.2 -42.9 3 Starch 5.1 5.6 % - 4.5 -5.8 4 5 -6.4 4 Total sugars 1.9 2.1 % - 1.4 -2.4 2 1.6 -2.6 2 Gross energy (kcal) 4390 4860 kcal/kg - 180 4210 -4790 9 180 4670 -5160 10 Calcium 2.6 2.9 g/kg - 0.8 1 -4.3 54 0.9 1.1 -4.8 57 Phosphorus 11.1 12.3 g/kg - 1.9 4.1 -15.2 57 2.1 4.5 -16.6 61 Phytate phosphorus 7.7 8.6 g/kg 70 % P 1 1 Magnesium 6.1 6.8 g/kg - 1.3 5 -10.4 12 1.5 5.5 -11.3 13 Potassium 15.6 17.3 g/kg - 3.1 6.1 -18.7 12 3.5 6.6 -20.1 13 Sodium 0.19 0.21 g/kg - 0.06 -0.33 2 0.06 -0.36 2 Chlorine 0.5 0.6 g/kg - 1 1 Sulfur 3.3 3.7 g/kg - Dietary cation-anion difference 185 205 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 392 435 mEq/kg - Manganese 23 26 mg/kg - 1 20 -30 3 Zinc 54 60 mg/kg - 1 46 -79 3 Copper 11 12 mg/kg - 1 11 -12 2 Selenium 0.5 0.6 mg/kg - Cobalt 0.5 0.6 mg/kg - Molybdenum 3 3 mg/kg - Lysine 14.9 16.6 g/kg 4.1 g/16g N 1.9 12.6 -17.1 19 2.1 10.3 -19.3 20 0.4 3.1-4.6 21 Threonine 11.9 13.2 g/kg 3.2 g/16g N 1.4 10.6 -16.2 17 1.5 11.6 -17.9 17 0.3 2.8-4.3 18 Methionine 5.3 5.9 g/kg 1.5 g/16g N 0.7 4.4 -7.4 17 0.8 5 -8.2 18 0.2 1.1-2 19 Cystine 6.2 6.9 g/kg 1.7 g/16g N 0.9 5.4 -8.7 15 1 5 -9.6 16 0.2 1.3-2.3 17 Methionine + cystine 11.6 12.8 g/kg 3.1 g/16g N 1.2 10.6 -13.3 12 1.3 10.1 -15 13 0.2 2.4-3.3 14 Tryptophan 4.8 5.3 g/kg 1.3 g/16g N 0.8 3.7 -5.6 11 0.9 3 -6.3 12 Isoleucine 11.7 13 g/kg 3.2 g/16g N 1.6 9 -14.4 16 1.8 10.3 -16.3 17 0.4 2.5-3.8 18 Valine 16.4 18.1 g/kg 4.5 g/16g N 2.6 12.3 -21 15 2.9 13.9 -23.3 16 0.4 3.5-5 17 Leucine 21 23.3 g/kg 5.7 g/16g N 2.6 18.4 -26.4 17 2.9 20.1 -29.1 17 0.6 4.6-7 18 Phenylalanine 19.1 21.2 g/kg 5.2 g/16g N 2.9 15.2 -24.4 16 3.2 16.1 -27.6 17 0.4 4-5.7 18 Tyrosine 10.4 11.5 g/kg 2.8 g/16g N 6.2 6.8 -23.4 15 6.9 7.4 -26.2 16 1.2 2-5.3 17 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 29.5 32.7 g/kg 8 g/16g N 9.2 23.4 -47.6 11 10.2 25.6 -53.8 12 1.3 6.8-10.7 13 Histidine 11 12.2 g/kg 3 g/16g N 1.3 8.1 -12.8 14 1.5 9.3 -14.3 14 0.2 2.3-3.2 15 Arginine 40.5 44.9 g/kg 11 g/16g N 5 37.5 -51.6 16 5.4 40.8 -58.4 16 0.8 9.5-12.6 17 Alanine 15.6 17.3 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 1.9 12.9 -18.9 17 2.1 14.1 -21 17 0.4 3.4-4.9 17 Aspartic acid 34 37.7 g/kg 9.3 g/16g N 5.4 24.1 -44.2 15 5.9 26.6 -50 15 0.8 6.4-9.8 15 Glutamic acid 69.3 76.9 g/kg 18.9 g/16g N 11.1 60.8 -90.9 17 12.3 61.7 -102 18 1 16.4-20.8 18 Glycine 15.1 16.7 g/kg 4.1 g/16g N 1.6 12.5 -18.6 17 1.7 14.1 -20.5 17 0.5 3-4.9 18 Serine 15.9 17.7 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 3.8 14.2 -25.9 17 4.2 12.6 -29 19 0.6 3.6-5.9 19 Proline 13.5 15 g/kg 3.7 g/16g N 3.9 12.1 -27.6 11 1 3.1-6.6 11 C12:0 lauric acid 0.02 0.03 g/kg 0.1 % FA C14:0 myristic acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 0.8 % FA 0.3 0.5-1.2 9 C16:0 palmitic acid 5.1 5.7 g/kg 22.7 % FA 0.8 21.7-24.2 14 C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.1 0.1 g/kg 0.5 % FA 0.3 0.3-1 9 C18:0 stearic acid 0.4 0.5 g/kg 1.9 % FA 0.4 1.5-3 14 C18:1 oleic acid 3.8 4.2 g/kg 16.7 % FA 1.5 14.7-20.8 14 C18:2 linoleic acid 12.9 14.3 g/kg 57.3 % FA 3.6 46.1-60 14 C18:3 linolenic acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 0.7 % FA 1.4 0.05-4.4 9 Fatty acids 2.3 2.5 % 88 % fat 2 86-90 10 DE growing pig (kcal) 2900 3220 kcal/kg - ME growing pig (kcal) 2660 2940 kcal/kg - NE growing pig (kcal) 1570 1740 kcal/kg - DE adult pig (kcal) 3090 3430 kcal/kg - ME adult pig (kcal) 2790 3100 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 1680 1860 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 66.2 % OM digestibility growing pig - 68.5 % N digestibility growing pig - 80.6 % Crude fat digestibility pig - 32.3 % Energy digestibility adult pig - 70.5 % OM digestibility adult pig - 73 % N digestibility adult pig - 83.7 % Digestible P pig (no phytase) 2.9 3.2 g/kg 26 % AMEn cockerel (kcal) 1870 2070 kcal/kg - AMEn broiler (kcal) 1840 2040 kcal/kg - 1 1 PDIA INRA 2007 139 155 g/kg - 40 75 -227 13 PDIN INRA 2007 257 285 g/kg - 32 229 -328 13 PDIE INRA 2007 180 200 g/kg - 39 116 -264 13 ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 2400 2670 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 72.4 % OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 72.6 % 1 N digestibility ruminants - 77.2 % 62-88.2 3 N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 86 % Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 70.9 % Absorbable P ruminants 7.1 7.8 g/kg 64 % P N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 60 % 13 30-79 22 Immediately degradable N (a) - 29 % 13-39 3 Potentially degradable N (b) - 60 % 59-64 2 Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.065 h-1 0.064-0.086 2 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 80 % DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 52 % 6 42-57 10 Immediately degradable DM (a) - 28 % 8 20-40 6 Potentially degradable DM (b) - 51 % 6 37-51 6 Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.055 h-1 0.023 0.018-0.086 6 Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.8 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.6 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 1.6 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.6 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.4 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 7.5 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.6 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.6 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 7.1 % PDIE OM digestibility horse - 76.2 % Energy digestibility horse - 73.3 % Horse Forage Unit 0.63 0.69 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 279 309 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 2630 2920 kcal/kg - ME rabbit (kcal) 2280 2530 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 60 % N digestibility rabbit - 79.2 % Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 10.6 11.7 g/kg 71 % 1.7 7.9 -14.3 11 1.9 8.7 -16.2 11 7 63-84 11 Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 9.2 10.2 g/kg 77 % 1.4 8.1 -11.9 11 1.5 8.6 -13.5 11 7 70-88 11 Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 3.9 4.4 g/kg 74 % 0.9 3.1 -6.6 11 1 3.4 -7.3 11 11 61-90 11 Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 4.5 5 g/kg 72 % 0.3 4.1 -5.1 11 0.4 4.5 -5.6 11 6 57-81 11 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 8.4 9.4 g/kg 73 % 1 1 1 Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 3.7 4.2 g/kg 79 % 0.5 2.7 -4.7 11 0.6 3.1 -5.3 11 7 65-88 11 Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 9.3 10.3 g/kg 80 % 1.5 7.5 -12.6 11 1.7 8 -14.3 11 6 72-89 11 Valine, ileal standardised, pig 13.2 14.6 g/kg 81 % 2.2 11.6 -18.1 11 2.4 12.3 -20.1 11 5 74-89 11 Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 17.2 19 g/kg 82 % 2.5 14.2 -23 11 2.8 15.1 -26 11 6 75-90 11 Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 16.7 18.5 g/kg 87 % 2.7 12.5 -22.7 11 3 13.8 -25.7 11 4 82-93 11 Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 8.6 9.5 g/kg 83 % 5.2 6.3 -20.2 11 5.8 6.7 -22.8 11 5 71-90 11 Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 25.3 28 g/kg 86 % 1 1 1 Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 9.3 10.3 g/kg 84 % 1.1 7.4 -10.8 11 1.3 7.8 -12.2 11 5 75-92 11 Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 37.4 41.5 g/kg 92 % 4.7 36.6 -49.9 11 5.2 38.9 -56.4 11 3 88-97 11 Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 12.4 13.8 g/kg 80 % 2.4 9.7 -17.1 11 2.7 10.3 -19 11 7 72-90 11 Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 28.2 31.3 g/kg 83 % 6.4 17.4 -40.2 11 7.1 19.2 -45.5 11 5 72-91 11 Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 61.1 67.7 g/kg 88 % 9.7 58.7 -83.7 11 10.8 62.6 -93.8 11 4 82-95 11 Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 11.4 12.6 g/kg 75 % 10.7 -13.1 4 11.4 -14.4 4 70-82 4 Serine, ileal standardised, pig 13.1 14.5 g/kg 82 % 3.8 11.2 -20.5 11 4.2 11.9 -23 11 6 75-93 11 Gross energy (MJ) 18.4 20.4 MJ/kg - 0.7 17.6 -20.1 9 0.7 19.5 -21.6 10 Absorbable Ca ruminants 1.4 1.6 g/kg 55 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 64 % 1 UFL FL1 INRA 2018 0.91 1.01 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 0.86 0.95 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 110 122 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 156 173 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 155 172 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 0.89 0.98 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 0.83 0.92 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 125 138 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 168 187 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 141 156 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1560 1730 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1460 1620 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2460 2730 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 71.2 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 71 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 60 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 82 % Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.7 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.4 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 1.7 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 3.9 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.2 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 7.5 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.6 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.9 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 7.4 % PDI ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 10 11.1 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 6.3 7 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 5.9 6.5 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 52 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 0.84 0.93 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 0.78 0.86 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 144 160 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 186 207 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 121 134 g/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.342 0.379 per kg - Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.7 9.6 g/kg 58 % Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.1 4.5 g/kg 77 % Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.4 4.9 g/kg 71 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.5 9.5 g/kg 74 % Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 3.7 4.1 g/kg 77 % Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.1 8.9 g/kg 69 % Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 11.6 12.9 g/kg 71 % Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 14.9 16.5 g/kg 71 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 15.3 16.9 g/kg 80 % Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 8 8.9 g/kg 77 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 23.3 25.8 g/kg 79 % Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.3 9.2 g/kg 75 % Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 34.8 38.6 g/kg 86 % Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 10.9 12.1 g/kg 70 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 25.5 28.3 g/kg 75 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 57.5 63.8 g/kg 83 % Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 10.6 11.7 g/kg 70 % Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 11.6 12.9 g/kg 73 % Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 10 11.1 g/kg 74 % Iron 524 581 mg/kg - C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:0 arachidic acid 0.07 0.08 g/kg 0.3 % FA C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:0 behenic acid 0.05 0.05 g/kg 0.2 % FA C22:1 erucic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C24:0 lignoceric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA Digestible P pig (with phytase) 4.3 4.8 g/kg 39 % Available P cockerel 2.8 3.1 g/kg 25 % P Available P broiler 2.8 3.1 g/kg 25 % P UFL INRA 2007 0.85 0.94 per kg - UFV INRA 2007 0.78 0.87 per kg - DE salmonids (kcal) 2920 3240 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility, salmonids - 66.7 % N digestibility salmonids - 87 % Proline, ileal standardised, pig 11.3 12.5 g/kg 84 % 79-93 3 Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 7.8 8.7 g/kg 66 % DE growing pig (MJ) 12.2 13.5 MJ/kg - ME growing pig (MJ) 11.1 12.3 MJ/kg - NE growing pig (MJ) 6.6 7.3 MJ/kg - DE adult pig (MJ) 12.9 14.4 MJ/kg - ME adult pig (MJ) 11.7 13 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 7 7.8 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 7.8 8.7 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 7.7 8.5 MJ/kg - 1 1 ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 10.1 11.2 MJ/kg - DE rabbit (MJ) 11 12.2 MJ/kg - ME rabbit (MJ) 9.6 10.6 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 12.2 13.6 MJ/kg - VEM CVB 2018 846 938 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 855 948 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 162 180 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 141 157 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 3.6 4 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 1.3 1.4 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 59.8 66.3 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 3.01 3.34 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.51 1.67 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 1.42 1.57 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.63 1.81 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.07 1.18 Mcal/kg - Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 38 % Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 43 % EN Lactation ruminants GfE 6 6.6 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 243 270 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE 20 22 g/kg - Starch, enzymatic method 1.7 1.9 % - Vitamin A 0.4 0.5 1000 IU/kg - Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg - Vitamin E 20.5 22.8 mg/kg - Vitamin B1 thiamin 21.7 24 mg/kg - Vitamin B2 riboflavin 4.1 4.6 mg/kg - Vitamin B6 pyridoxine 7.9 8.8 mg/kg - Vitamin B12 0 0 µg/kg - Niacin 41.9 46.5 mg/kg - Pantothenic acid 46.2 51.2 mg/kg - Folic acid 0 0 mg/kg - Biotin 0.6 0.7 mg/kg - Vitamin C 24.4 27.1 mg/kg - Choline 2734 3032 mg/kg -