Dry matter 90 100 % - 2.2 83.1 -95.3 160 3.4 Crude protein 11.1 12.3 % - 2.2 5.6 -17 162 2.5 6.3 -19.1 169 Crude fibre 14.6 16.3 % - 2.5 11.1 -19.7 141 2.8 12.2 -22.3 145 Crude fat 12.7 14.1 % - 5.1 5.1 -26.3 127 5.6 5.7 -29 131 Ash 11.4 12.7 % - 2.6 4.5 -17.8 129 2.9 5 -18.9 132 Insoluble ash 6.5 7.2 % - 2.9 0.3 -12.3 68 3.2 0.3 -13.7 70 NDF 30.5 33.9 % - 5.3 21 -42.2 35 5.9 23.8 -46.4 38 ADF 17.5 19.5 % - 3.9 10.1 -23.6 36 4.3 11.9 -26.1 38 Lignin 5.9 6.6 % - 1.8 2.6 -9.6 23 2 3.1 -10.7 25 Water insoluble cell walls 31.7 35.2 % - 29 -40.6 3 Starch 23.9 26.5 % - 9 10.8 -47.5 38 9.9 12.1 -56.9 38 Total sugars 1.4 1.6 % - 1 0.4 -3 9 1.1 0.4 -3.2 9 Gross energy (kcal) 4300 4780 kcal/kg - 620 3140 -5680 20 680 3400 -6360 23 Calcium 0.8 0.9 g/kg - 0.4 0.2 -2.1 88 0.4 0.2 -2.5 89 Phosphorus 11.1 12.3 g/kg - 4.6 0.6 -20.5 88 5.1 0.7 -23 89 Phytate phosphorus 9.4 10.5 g/kg 85 % P Magnesium 4.7 5.2 g/kg - 1.5 2.2 -7.8 49 1.7 2.4 -8.6 50 Potassium 9.7 10.8 g/kg - 2.6 5 -14.3 51 2.9 6 -16.1 51 Sodium 0.19 0.21 g/kg - 0.17 -0.21 3 0.2 -0.24 3 Chlorine 1 1.2 g/kg - Sulfur 1.4 1.6 g/kg - Dietary cation-anion difference 140 155 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 229 254 mEq/kg - Manganese 143 159 mg/kg - 36 130 -207 5 40 139 -230 5 Zinc 49 55 mg/kg - 6 39 -61 7 7 43 -65 7 Copper 8 9 mg/kg - 2 6 -12 7 2 7 -13 7 Iron 1114 1238 mg/kg - 1224 -1252 2 Cobalt 0.4 0.5 mg/kg - 0.3 -0.5 4 0.3 -0.5 4 Lysine 4.7 5.2 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 1.3 3.1 -7.5 12 1.4 3.4 -8.4 12 0.5 3.8-5.3 12 Threonine 4 4.5 g/kg 3.7 g/16g N 1 2.5 -5.7 12 1.1 2.8 -6.4 12 0.5 3.2-4.8 12 Methionine 2.5 2.7 g/kg 2.2 g/16g N 0.4 1.5 -2.8 11 0.5 1.7 -3.2 11 0.4 1.7-3 11 Cystine 1.6 1.8 g/kg 1.5 g/16g N 0.6 0.7 -2.6 8 0.6 0.8 -2.8 8 0.4 1-2.1 8 Methionine + cystine 4.1 4.5 g/kg 3.7 g/16g N 0.9 2.2 -5.1 8 1 2.5 -5.5 8 0.5 3-4.3 8 Tryptophan 2.2 2.5 g/kg 2 g/16g N 0.6 1.4 -3.1 7 0.6 1.6 -3.5 7 0.8 1.3-3.4 7 Isoleucine 5.7 6.3 g/kg 5.1 g/16g N 1.5 3.6 -8.2 11 1.6 4.1 -9.2 11 1.2 3.3-6.8 11 Valine 6.2 6.9 g/kg 5.6 g/16g N 1.3 4.4 -7.9 12 1.4 4.8 -8.8 12 0.6 4.8-6.7 12 Leucine 8 8.8 g/kg 7.2 g/16g N 1.3 5 -9.4 11 1.5 5.5 -10.6 11 0.6 6.3-8.3 11 Phenylalanine 5.3 5.8 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N 1.1 3.4 -7 12 1.2 3.8 -7.8 12 0.3 4.1-5 12 Tyrosine 4.3 4.8 g/kg 3.9 g/16g N 0.6 2.5 -4.4 11 0.6 3 -5 11 0.6 2.3-4.7 11 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 9.5 10.6 g/kg 8.6 g/16g N 1.6 6.1 -10.5 11 1.8 7.2 -11.8 11 0.8 6.8-9.8 11 Histidine 2.7 3 g/kg 2.4 g/16g N 0.9 1.5 -4.8 12 1 1.7 -5.4 12 0.3 2-3.1 12 Arginine 8.1 9 g/kg 7.3 g/16g N 2.4 4.1 -11.6 12 2.6 4.5 -13 12 1.1 5.1-8.6 12 Alanine 6.6 7.4 g/kg 6 g/16g N 1.3 4.3 -8.5 12 1.5 4.9 -9.6 12 0.6 5.2-7.2 12 Aspartic acid 9.8 10.9 g/kg 8.9 g/16g N 2 5.7 -12.6 11 2.3 6.4 -14.1 11 1.1 7.7-11.3 11 Glutamic acid 16.2 18 g/kg 14.6 g/16g N 3.5 5 -16.7 11 3.8 5.9 -18.4 11 2.3 7.1-16.1 11 Glycine 5.5 6.1 g/kg 4.9 g/16g N 1.2 3.5 -7.3 11 1.3 4.1 -8.2 11 0.5 4.3-6.2 11 Serine 5.1 5.7 g/kg 4.6 g/16g N 1.1 3.1 -6.4 12 1.2 3.5 -7.2 12 0.5 3.9-5.7 12 Proline 5.4 6 g/kg 4.9 g/16g N 1.1 4.2 -7.6 11 1.2 4.7 -8.5 11 1.1 3.9-7.8 11 C12:0 lauric acid 0.04 0.05 g/kg 0.04 % FA 0.02-0.06 4 C14:0 myristic acid 0.4 0.4 g/kg 0.4 % FA 0.3 0-0.9 8 C16:0 palmitic acid 19.1 21.2 g/kg 18.8 % FA 2.6 14.7-23.9 40 C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 0.2 % FA 0.1 0-0.3 6 C18:0 stearic acid 2.1 2.3 g/kg 2.1 % FA 0.5 0.9-3.7 40 C18:1 oleic acid 40.5 45 g/kg 39.9 % FA 3.3 28.9-45 40 C18:2 linoleic acid 36.3 40.4 g/kg 35.8 % FA 3.5 30-41 41 C18:3 linolenic acid 1.5 1.7 g/kg 1.5 % FA 0.5 1-3.7 40 C20:0 arachidic acid 0.5 0.6 g/kg 0.5 % FA 0.3 0-0.9 7 Fatty acids 10.1 11.3 % 80 % fat Vitamin E 49.5 54.9 mg/kg - Vitamin B1 thiamin 27.6 30.7 mg/kg - Vitamin B2 riboflavin 2.8 3.1 mg/kg - Vitamin B6 pyridoxine 40.9 45.4 mg/kg - Vitamin B12 0 0 µg/kg - Niacin 342 379 mg/kg - Pantothenic acid 74.2 82.5 mg/kg - Folic acid 0 0 mg/kg - Biotin 0.4 0.4 mg/kg - Choline 1135 1261 mg/kg - Phytase activity 120 130 IU/kg - DE growing pig (kcal) 2790 3100 kcal/kg - 1 ME growing pig (kcal) 2690 2990 kcal/kg - NE growing pig (kcal) 2040 2260 kcal/kg - DE adult pig (kcal) 2970 3300 kcal/kg - ME adult pig (kcal) 2830 3150 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 2130 2370 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 64.8 % OM digestibility growing pig - 68.3 % N digestibility growing pig - 45 % 1 Crude fat digestibility pig - 72.2 % 1 Energy digestibility adult pig - 68.9 % OM digestibility adult pig - 72.8 % N digestibility adult pig - 54.7 % Digestible P pig (no phytase) 1.3 1.5 g/kg 12 % AMEn cockerel (kcal) 2290 2540 kcal/kg - AMEn broiler (kcal) 2200 2450 kcal/kg - 350 2220 -3070 5 PDIA INRA 2007 29 33 g/kg - PDIN INRA 2007 71 78 g/kg - PDIE INRA 2007 54 60 g/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 2080 2310 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 59.1 % 1 OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 62 % 1 N digestibility ruminants - 58 % 1 N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 75 % Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 77.4 % Absorbable P ruminants 7.1 7.9 g/kg 64 % P N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 68 % 1 Immediately degradable N (a) - 42 % 1 Potentially degradable N (b) - 41 % 1 Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.105 h-1 1 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 73 % Immediately degradable starch (a) - 19 % Potentially degradable starch (b) - 81 % Degradation rate of particles starch (c) - 0.12 h-1 DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 66 % Immediately degradable DM (a) - 48 % 1 Potentially degradable DM (b) - 35 % 1 Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.065 h-1 1 Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 6.4 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.9 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.1 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.5 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.9 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 8.2 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.2 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.3 % PDIE OM digestibility horse - 61 % Energy digestibility horse - 58.9 % Horse Forage Unit 0.76 0.85 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 54 60 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 2540 2820 kcal/kg - ME rabbit (kcal) 2460 2730 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 59 % N digestibility rabbit - 56.8 % Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.5 3.9 g/kg 74 % 1 Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.7 3 g/kg 67 % 1 Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.8 2 g/kg 72 % 1 Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.1 1.2 g/kg 69 % 1 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.9 3.2 g/kg 71 % 1 Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.9 4.3 g/kg 68 % 1 Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.1 4.6 g/kg 66 % 1 Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.5 6.1 g/kg 69 % 1 Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.5 3.9 g/kg 67 % 1 Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 2 2.2 g/kg 74 % 1 Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.3 7 g/kg 78 % 1 Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.9 5.4 g/kg 74 % 1 Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 7 7.8 g/kg 71 % 1 Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 12.2 13.5 g/kg 75 % 1 Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.9 4.4 g/kg 72 % 1 Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.7 4.1 g/kg 72 % 1 Gross energy (MJ) 18 20 MJ/kg - 2.6 13.1 -23.8 20 2.9 14.2 -26.6 23 Absorbable Ca ruminants 0.4 0.5 g/kg 55 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 57 % UFL FL1 INRA 2018 0.76 0.84 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 0.68 0.76 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 26 28 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 66 73 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 1 1 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 0.73 0.82 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 0.65 0.73 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 28 31 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 67 74 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 0.1 0.2 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1290 1430 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1150 1280 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2100 2330 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 60.6 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 57.7 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 66 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 75 % Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 6.6 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.3 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.5 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.8 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 8.3 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.2 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.2 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.3 % PDI ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 8.8 9.7 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 5.4 6 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 4.8 5.3 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 64 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 0.69 0.76 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 0.6 0.67 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 32 36 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 70 77 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 -4 -4 g/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.243 0.27 per kg - Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 1.6 1.7 g/kg 70 % Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.8 3.1 g/kg 65 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.3 7 g/kg 66 % Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 3.8 4.3 g/kg 71 % Selenium 0.1 0.2 mg/kg - C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0.6 0.7 g/kg 0.6 % FA 0.5-0.7 2 C20:4 arachidonic acid 0.5 0.5 g/kg 0.5 % FA 0.03-0.7 3 C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:0 behenic acid 0.3 0.3 g/kg 0.3 % FA 0.1-0.4 3 C22:1 erucic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0.3 0.3 g/kg 0.3 % FA 1 C24:0 lignoceric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 Digestible P pig (with phytase) 2 2.2 g/kg 18 % Available P cockerel 2.8 3.1 g/kg 25 % P Available P broiler 2.8 3.1 g/kg 25 % P UFL INRA 2007 0.71 0.79 per kg - UFV INRA 2007 0.63 0.7 per kg - DE salmonids (kcal) 2450 2720 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility, salmonids - 56.9 % N digestibility salmonids - 81.3 % Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 3.8 4.2 g/kg 80 % 1 Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 3.2 3.5 g/kg 79 % 1 Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 2 2.2 g/kg 82 % 1 Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 1.3 1.4 g/kg 78 % 1 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 3.3 3.6 g/kg 80 % Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 1.8 2 g/kg 81 % 1 Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 4.6 5.1 g/kg 82 % 1 Valine, ileal standardised, pig 5.1 5.6 g/kg 81 % 1 Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 6.6 7.3 g/kg 83 % 1 Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 4.3 4.8 g/kg 82 % 1 Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 3.5 3.9 g/kg 82 % 79-84 3 Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 7.8 8.6 g/kg 82 % Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 2.3 2.5 g/kg 84 % 1 Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 7.3 8.1 g/kg 91 % 1 Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 5.4 6 g/kg 82 % 1 Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 7.6 8.5 g/kg 78 % 1 Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 14.1 15.7 g/kg 87 % 1 Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 4.4 4.9 g/kg 81 % 1 Serine, ileal standardised, pig 4.1 4.6 g/kg 81 % 1 Proline, ileal standardised, pig 3.6 4 g/kg 67 % 62-71 2 DE growing pig (MJ) 11.7 13 MJ/kg - 1 ME growing pig (MJ) 11.3 12.5 MJ/kg - NE growing pig (MJ) 8.5 9.5 MJ/kg - DE adult pig (MJ) 12.4 13.8 MJ/kg - ME adult pig (MJ) 11.9 13.2 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 8.9 9.9 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 9.6 10.6 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 9.2 10.2 MJ/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 8.7 9.7 MJ/kg - DE rabbit (MJ) 10.6 11.8 MJ/kg - ME rabbit (MJ) 10.3 11.4 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 10.3 11.4 MJ/kg - VEM CVB 2018 712 791 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 688 764 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 28 31 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 32 35 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 1.7 1.9 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 0.9 1 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 64.1 71.2 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 2.83 3.15 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.47 1.63 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 1.38 1.54 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.51 1.68 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 0.96 1.06 Mcal/kg - Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 30 % Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 34 % EN Lactation ruminants GfE 5 5.6 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 121 135 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE -2 -2 g/kg - Starch, enzymatic method 21.4 23.7 % - 9.6 4.2 -29.3 8 10.6 4.7 -31.9 9 Vitamin A 0 0 1000 IU/kg - Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg - Vitamin K 0.02 0.02 mg/kg - Vitamin C 0 0 mg/kg -