Dry matter 91 100 % - 1.2 87.4 -93.5 127 1.9 Crude protein 5.2 5.7 % - 1.1 3.5 -8.6 84 1.2 3.8 -9.6 88 Crude fibre 52.3 57.5 % - 2.4 46.5 -57.8 129 2.5 50.7 -62.7 127 Crude fat 4.1 4.5 % - 1.1 1.8 -10.7 29 1.2 2.5 -6.9 27 Ash 3 3.3 % - 0.5 2.1 -4.1 71 0.5 2.3 -4.6 78 NDF 73.2 80.4 % - 4.7 56.9 -80.5 33 5.1 63.3 -90.2 39 ADF 56.2 61.7 % - 3.9 47.3 -66.2 35 4.2 52.6 -72.4 43 Lignin 20.1 22.1 % - 2.2 14.6 -25.1 36 2.4 16.2 -27.5 42 Water insoluble cell walls 76.8 84.4 % - 1 78.8 -90.1 2 Starch 1.9 2.1 % - 1.1 0.7 -3.9 8 1.2 0.8 -4.3 7 Total sugars 1.4 1.5 % - 0.3 -4.2 3 0.3 -4.5 4 Gross energy (kcal) 4370 4800 kcal/kg - 170 4250 -4530 7 170 4670 -5230 8 Calcium 3.7 4.1 g/kg - 1 2.1 -6.6 32 1.1 2.3 -7.3 32 Phosphorus 0.8 0.9 g/kg - 0.3 0.3 -2 28 0.4 0.3 -2.2 28 Phytate phosphorus 0.7 0.7 g/kg 85 % P Magnesium 2.4 2.6 g/kg - 1.3 -3.4 2 1.4 -3.8 2 Potassium 9.8 10.8 g/kg - 2 6.9 -14.5 24 2.2 7.7 -16.1 24 Sodium 0.08 0.09 g/kg - 0.03 0.03 -0.17 24 0.04 0.03 -0.19 24 Chlorine 0.9 1 g/kg - 0.2 0.6 -1.2 21 0.2 0.7 -1.3 21 Sulfur 3.5 3.9 g/kg - Dietary cation-anion difference 11 12 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 230 253 mEq/kg - Manganese 14 16 mg/kg - 4 -23 2 5 -26 2 Zinc 21 23 mg/kg - 11 -30 2 13 -33 2 Copper 9 10 mg/kg - 5 -13 2 5 -14 2 Iron 125 137 mg/kg - 121 -126 2 134 -140 2 Selenium 0.5 0.6 mg/kg - Cobalt 0.1 0.2 mg/kg - Molybdenum 0.7 0.8 mg/kg - Iodine 0.09 0.1 mg/kg - Lysine 2.9 3.2 g/kg 5.6 g/16g N 4.3-5.7 3 Threonine 2.3 2.5 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 1.7 -3 2 1.9 -3.3 2 3.9-7 2 Methionine 1.2 1.4 g/kg 2.4 g/16g N 0.7 -1.4 3 0.8 -1.6 3 1.6-3.1 3 Cystine 1 1.1 g/kg 2 g/16g N 0.7 -1.2 2 0.8 -1.3 2 1.6-2.8 2 Methionine + cystine 2.2 2.5 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 1.4 -2.4 2 1.5 -2.7 2 3.1-5.7 2 Tryptophan 0.9 0.9 g/kg 1.6 g/16g N 1 1 1 Isoleucine 1.8 2 g/kg 3.5 g/16g N 3.4-3.9 2 Valine 1.8 2 g/kg 3.5 g/16g N 1.4 -2 2 1.6 -2.2 2 3.4-4.5 2 Leucine 2.6 2.9 g/kg 5.1 g/16g N Phenylalanine 2 2.2 g/kg 3.9 g/16g N Tyrosine 1.5 1.7 g/kg 3 g/16g N Phenylalanine + tyrosine 3.6 3.9 g/kg 6.9 g/16g N Histidine 1.4 1.5 g/kg 2.7 g/16g N Arginine 2.3 2.5 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N Alanine 2.5 2.7 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N Aspartic acid 2.9 3.1 g/kg 5.5 g/16g N Glutamic acid 4.4 4.9 g/kg 8.6 g/16g N Glycine 3.1 3.4 g/kg 5.9 g/16g N 1 1 1 Serine 2.5 2.8 g/kg 4.8 g/16g N 1 1 1 Proline 2 2.2 g/kg 3.9 g/16g N C14:0 myristic acid 0.02 0.03 g/kg 0.08 % FA 0.04 0-0.1 8 C16:0 palmitic acid 2 2.1 g/kg 6.4 % FA 0.4 5.9-7.2 11 C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.06 0.06 g/kg 0.2 % FA 0-0.6 4 C18:0 stearic acid 1.3 1.4 g/kg 4.3 % FA 0.8 2.8-5.4 11 C18:1 oleic acid 6.2 6.8 g/kg 20.2 % FA 3.3 15.3-28 11 C18:2 linoleic acid 19.8 21.8 g/kg 65.2 % FA 1 1 4.7 59.3-73.6 18 C18:3 linolenic acid 0.09 0.1 g/kg 0.3 % FA 0.3 0-1 11 Fatty acids 3 3.3 % 75 % fat Vitamin E 12.1 13.3 mg/kg - Vitamin B1 thiamin 34.3 37.7 mg/kg - Vitamin B2 riboflavin 3.2 3.6 mg/kg - Vitamin B6 pyridoxine 13.1 14.4 mg/kg - Vitamin B12 0 0 µg/kg - Niacin 202 222 mg/kg - Pantothenic acid 10.1 11.1 mg/kg - Folic acid 0.4 0.5 mg/kg - Biotin 1.2 1.4 mg/kg - Choline 2528 2778 mg/kg - Phytase activity 0 0 IU/kg - DE growing pig (kcal) 1010 1110 kcal/kg - 1 ME growing pig (kcal) 950 1040 kcal/kg - NE growing pig (kcal) 420 460 kcal/kg - DE adult pig (kcal) 1600 1760 kcal/kg - ME adult pig (kcal) 1470 1610 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 700 770 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 23.2 % 1 OM digestibility growing pig - 20.4 % 1 N digestibility growing pig - 21 % 1 N digestibility ileal standardised pig - 81 % Crude fat digestibility pig - 77.5 % 1 Energy digestibility adult pig - 36.7 % OM digestibility adult pig - 33.7 % N digestibility adult pig - 88.5 % Digestible P pig (no phytase) 0.1 0.2 g/kg 19 % AMEn cockerel (kcal) 680 750 kcal/kg - AMEn broiler (kcal) 640 700 kcal/kg - Available P broiler 0.1 0.1 g/kg 17 % P PDIA INRA 2007 11 12 g/kg - 1 PDIN INRA 2007 33 37 g/kg - 1 PDIE INRA 2007 29 32 g/kg - 1 ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 920 1010 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 26.5 % OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 28.2 % N digestibility ruminants - 35.6 % N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 84 % Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 73 % Absorbable P ruminants 0.5 0.6 g/kg 66 % P N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 77 % 1 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 80 % DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 51 % Immediately degradable DM (a) - 22 % 1 Potentially degradable DM (b) - 46 % 1 Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.105 h-1 1 Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 7.6 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.4 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.3 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.3 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.5 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 7.9 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.3 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.8 % PDIE OM digestibility horse - 41 % Energy digestibility horse - 40 % Horse Forage Unit 0.27 0.29 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 0 0 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 890 970 kcal/kg - ME rabbit (kcal) 850 930 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 20.3 % N digestibility rabbit - 53.7 % Gross energy (MJ) 18.3 20.1 MJ/kg - 0.7 17.8 -18.9 7 0.7 19.5 -21.9 8 Absorbable Ca ruminants 2.1 2.3 g/kg 55 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 49.2 % UFL FL1 INRA 2018 0.29 0.32 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 0.18 0.2 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 10 10 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 42 46 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 -23 -26 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 0.27 0.29 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 0.15 0.17 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 11 12 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 42 47 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 -23 -26 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 470 520 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 270 300 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 860 950 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 26.8 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 25.1 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 75 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 82 % Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 7.8 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.5 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.5 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.3 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.5 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 8.1 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.2 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.3 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.8 % PDI ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 1.9 2.1 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 1 1.1 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 0.4 0.4 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 51 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 0.22 0.24 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 0.12 0.13 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 13 15 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 44 49 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 -25 -28 g/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.357 0.392 per kg - Insoluble ash 0.2 0.3 % - C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C12:0 lauric acid 0 0 g/kg 0.01 % FA 0-0.02 3 C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:0 arachidic acid 0.1 0.1 g/kg 0.4 % FA 0.6 0.2-1.7 7 C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0.06 0.06 g/kg 0.2 % FA 0.2-0.2 2 C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C22:0 behenic acid 0.09 0.1 g/kg 0.3 % FA 0-0.6 2 C22:1 erucic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C24:0 lignoceric acid 0.06 0.07 g/kg 0.2 % FA 1 Digestible P pig (with phytase) 0.2 0.2 g/kg 29 % Available P cockerel 0.1 0.1 g/kg 17 % P UFL INRA 2007 0.28 0.31 per kg - UFV INRA 2007 0.17 0.18 per kg - DE salmonids (kcal) 2170 2380 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility, salmonids - 49.7 % N digestibility salmonids - 71.9 % Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 1.3 1.4 g/kg 43 % Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 1.1 1.2 g/kg 48 % Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 0.8 0.9 g/kg 66 % Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 0.4 0.4 g/kg 38 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 1.2 1.3 g/kg 54 % Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 0.4 0.5 g/kg 49 % Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 1.1 1.2 g/kg 61 % Valine, ileal standardised, pig 1 1.1 g/kg 56 % Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 1.6 1.8 g/kg 62 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 1.3 1.5 g/kg 66 % Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 0.9 1 g/kg 61 % Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 2.3 2.5 g/kg 64 % Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 0.8 0.9 g/kg 58 % Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 1.7 1.8 g/kg 74 % Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 1.3 1.4 g/kg 51 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 1.7 1.8 g/kg 58 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 3.1 3.4 g/kg 69 % Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 1.1 1.2 g/kg 35 % Serine, ileal standardised, pig 1.3 1.5 g/kg 54 % Proline, ileal standardised, pig 1.1 1.2 g/kg 54 % Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.7 1.9 g/kg 58 % Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.2 1.4 g/kg 54 % Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.8 0.9 g/kg 68 % Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.6 0.6 g/kg 57 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.4 1.6 g/kg 63 % Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 0.5 0.6 g/kg 59 % Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.2 1.3 g/kg 65 % Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.1 1.2 g/kg 61 % Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.6 1.8 g/kg 61 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.3 1.4 g/kg 64 % Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.8 0.9 g/kg 55 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.1 2.4 g/kg 60 % Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.8 0.9 g/kg 59 % Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.5 1.6 g/kg 64 % Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.5 1.6 g/kg 60 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 1.7 1.8 g/kg 59 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 2.9 3.2 g/kg 65 % Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.7 1.8 g/kg 54 % Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.5 1.7 g/kg 60 % Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 1.3 1.4 g/kg 62 % DE growing pig (MJ) 4.2 4.7 MJ/kg - 1 ME growing pig (MJ) 4 4.4 MJ/kg - NE growing pig (MJ) 1.7 1.9 MJ/kg - DE adult pig (MJ) 6.7 7.4 MJ/kg - ME adult pig (MJ) 6.1 6.7 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 2.9 3.2 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 2.9 3.1 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 2.7 2.9 MJ/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 3.8 4.2 MJ/kg - DE rabbit (MJ) 3.7 4.1 MJ/kg - ME rabbit (MJ) 3.6 3.9 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 9.1 10 MJ/kg - VEM CVB 2018 279 306 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 182 200 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 -19 -21 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 10 10 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 -0.1 -0.1 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 0.3 0.3 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 34.2 37.6 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 1.49 1.64 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 0.52 0.57 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 0.47 0.52 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 0.45 0.49 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 0 0 Mcal/kg - EN Lactation ruminants GfE 2 2.2 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 52 57 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE -0.02 -0.02 g/kg - Starch, enzymatic method 0.3 0.4 % - 0.1 -0.7 3 1 Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg -