Wheat distillers grains, starch < 7%, dried

Byproduct of alcohol (ethanol) manufacture, obtained from the distillery of wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L., also known as Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum), consisting of spent grains and steepwater solubles in variable proportions. This process uses the whole grain without bran separation, resulting in distillers grains containing less starch (< 7% as fed) than those resulting from a process where the bran is separated before starch extraction and reintroduced at the end. Other names and alternative spellings: wheat DDGS, wheat distillers' grains, wheat distiller's grains.

Values

Main constituents
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Dry matter 91.3 100 % - 1.7 80.8 -96.1 395 2.6
Crude protein 32.7 35.8 % - 2.5 24.2 -43.6 463 2.7 27.7 -46.3 389
Crude fibre 7.1 7.8 % - 0.9 4.1 -10.9 352 1 4.4 -11.4 286
Crude fat 4.9 5.4 % - 1 2.3 -8.4 186 1.1 2.6 -9.9 172
Ash 5.2 5.7 % - 0.9 3.4 -8 281 0.9 3.6 -8.6 248
Insoluble ash 0.2 0.2 % - 0.03 -0.3 2 0.03 -0.3 2
NDF 31.7 34.7 % - 6.9 20.5 -48.8 46 7.6 21.8 -52.8 45
ADF 12.9 14.1 % - 3.4 7.3 -19.8 48 3.7 8 -21.4 46
Lignin 5 5.4 % - 2.1 1.7 -9.9 34 2.3 1.9 -10.5 32
Water insoluble cell walls 30.9 33.9 % - 2.7 25.6 -34.4 11 2.9 26.9 -36.5 9
Starch 3.8 4.1 % - 1.5 0.8 -7 364 1.6 0.8 -7.8 317
Starch, enzymatic method 1.7 1.8 % - 1 0.8 -3.6 13 1 0.8 -4 14
Total sugars 2.7 3 % - 1.8 0.01 -6.4 17 1.9 0.01 -6.9 18
Gross energy (kcal) 4480 4910 kcal/kg - 100 4780 -5150 15
Gross energy (MJ) 18.8 20.5 MJ/kg - 0.4 20 -21.5 15
Mineral elements
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Calcium 1.6 1.7 g/kg - 0.8 0.6 -4.6 42 0.9 0.7 -5.2 40
Phosphorus 8 8.7 g/kg - 1.5 5 -11.8 60 1.6 5.7 -12.7 58
Phytate phosphorus 1.2 1.3 g/kg 15 % P 0.6 0.4 -2.3 10 0.7 0.4 -2.4 10 7 4-24 10
Magnesium 3.1 3.4 g/kg - 0.8 2.2 -4.5 6 0.9 2.4 -4.8 6
Potassium 11.4 12.4 g/kg - 2.3 8.5 -17 20 2.5 9.4 -18.7 19
Sodium 3.92 4.29 g/kg - 3.83 0.16 -15.7 80 4.19 0.18 -17.05 77
Chlorine 1.9 2 g/kg - 0.4 0.2 -2.4 23 0.4 0.2 -2.6 22
Sulfur 5.1 5.6 g/kg - 2 3.4 -9.1 7 2.2 3.7 -9.7 7
Dietary cation-anion difference 89 97 mEq/kg -
Electrolyte balance 409 448 mEq/kg -
Manganese 68 74 mg/kg - 17 40 -94 6 18 43 -101 6
Zinc 118 130 mg/kg - 67 -168 2 72 -187 2
Copper 9 10 mg/kg - 9 -9 2 10 -10 2
Iron 128 140 mg/kg - 61 82 -261 10 67 90 -290 10
Selenium 0 0 mg/kg -
Iodine 0.2 0.2 mg/kg -
Fatty acids
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA
C12:0 lauric acid 0.03 0.03 g/kg 0.08 % FA
C14:0 myristic acid 0.04 0.05 g/kg 0.1 % FA 0-0.3 4
C16:0 palmitic acid 5.7 6.3 g/kg 17.8 % FA 0.9 15.5-18.3 9
C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.1 0.1 g/kg 0.4 % FA
C18:0 stearic acid 0.3 0.3 g/kg 0.8 % FA 0.07 0.7-0.9 8
C18:1 oleic acid 4.9 5.3 g/kg 15.2 % FA 2.7 11.3-20.4 11
C18:2 linoleic acid 18.1 19.8 g/kg 56.4 % FA 1
C18:3 linolenic acid 1.9 2.1 g/kg 5.9 % FA 1 5.4-8.5 9
C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA
C20:0 arachidic acid 0.06 0.07 g/kg 0.2 % FA 0-1.9 3
C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0.4 0.5 g/kg 1.3 % FA 1
C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA
C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA
C22:0 behenic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA
C22:1 erucic acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 0.5 % FA
C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA
C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA
C24:0 lignoceric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA
Fatty acids 3.2 3.5 % 65 % fat
Vitamins and pigments
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg -
Ruminants
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
UFL INRA 2018 0.97 1.07 per kg -
UFV INRA 2018 0.93 1.02 per kg -
PDIA INRA 2018 85 93 g/kg -
PDI INRA 2018 132 145 g/kg -
Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 140 154 g/kg -
Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.221 0.242 per kg -
ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2670 2920 kcal/kg -
NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1710 1880 kcal/kg -
NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1640 1800 kcal/kg -
ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 11.4 12.5 MJ/kg -
NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 7.4 8.1 MJ/kg -
NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 7.1 7.8 MJ/kg -
OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 73.9 %
Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 73.9 %
N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 70 %
Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 88 %
DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 67 %
Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.7 % PDI
Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.4 % PDI
Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 1.9 % PDI
Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.4 % PDI
Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.2 % PDI
Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 8.1 % PDI
Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.1 % PDI
Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.2 % PDI
Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.7 % PDI
UFL FL1 INRA 2018 1 1.09 per kg -
UFV FL1 INRA 2018 0.96 1.05 per kg -
PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 73 80 g/kg -
PDI FL1 INRA 2018 122 134 g/kg -
Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 152 166 g/kg -
UFL FL4 INRA 2018 0.93 1.01 per kg -
UFV FL4 INRA 2018 0.87 0.96 per kg -
PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 101 111 g/kg -
PDI FL4 INRA 2018 148 162 g/kg -
Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 123 134 g/kg -
UFL INRA 2007 0.94 1.03 per kg -
UFV INRA 2007 0.89 0.97 per kg -
PDIA INRA 2007 90 99 g/kg - 35 28 -135 8 38 31 -143 9
PDIN INRA 2007 218 238 g/kg - 20 174 -237 8 22 189 -250 9
PDIE INRA 2007 135 147 g/kg - 30 82 -179 8 32 89 -189 9
ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 2630 2880 kcal/kg -
ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 11 12.1 MJ/kg -
OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 75.3 % 3.7 70.5-82.2 9
Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 75.2 %
N digestibility ruminants - 76 %
N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 85 % 13.3 54-93.6 12
NDF digestibility ruminants - 68 %
N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 71 % 13 48-86 13
Immediately degradable N (a) - 42 % 19 20-75 12
Potentially degradable N (b) - 53 % 18 21-74 12
Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.071 h-1 0.059 0.02-0.233 12
Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 94 %
DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 69 % 8 55-79 12
Immediately degradable DM (a) - 48 % 11 37-69 12
Potentially degradable DM (b) - 44 % 10 24-53 12
Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.055 h-1 0.037 0.023-0.155 12
Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 73.3 %
Absorbable P ruminants 5.4 5.9 g/kg 68 % P
Absorbable Ca ruminants 0.9 1 g/kg 55 % Ca
Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5 % PDIE
Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.7 % PDIE
Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 1.8 % PDIE
Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.9 % PDIE
Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.4 % PDIE
Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 8.1 % PDIE
Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE
Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.2 % PDIE
Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.7 % PDIE
VEM CVB 2018 942 1031 per kg -
VEVI CVB 2018 974 1067 per kg -
DVE CVB 1991 121 132 g/kg -
OEB CVB 1991 147 161 g/kg -
DVLYS CVB 1991 3.3 3.6 g/kg -
DVMET CVB 1991 1.4 1.5 g/kg -
TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 66.7 73.1 % -
DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 3.23 3.54 Mcal/kg -
NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.66 1.82 Mcal/kg -
NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 1.57 1.72 Mcal/kg -
NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.78 1.95 Mcal/kg -
NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.19 1.3 Mcal/kg -
Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 27 %
Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 32 %
EN Lactation ruminants GfE 6.7 7.3 MJ/kg -
nxP ruminants GfE 208 228 g/kg -
RNB ruminants GfE 19 21 g/kg -
Pigs
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
DE growing pig (kcal) 3010 3300 kcal/kg - 280 2660 -3560 10 300 2820 -3870 10
ME growing pig (kcal) 2790 3050 kcal/kg -
NE growing pig (kcal) 1750 1920 kcal/kg - 220 1570 -2180 8 230 1660 -2380 8
DE adult pig (kcal) 3200 3500 kcal/kg - 280 2830 -3610 8 290 3000 -3930 8
ME adult pig (kcal) 2910 3190 kcal/kg - 310 2440 -3390 8 340 2590 -3690 8
NE adult pig (kcal) 1880 2060 kcal/kg - 160 1780 -2240 8 170 1890 -2400 8
DE growing pig (MJ) 12.6 13.8 MJ/kg -
ME growing pig (MJ) 11.7 12.8 MJ/kg -
NE growing pig (MJ) 7.3 8 MJ/kg -
DE adult pig (MJ) 13.4 14.7 MJ/kg -
ME adult pig (MJ) 12.2 13.4 MJ/kg -
NE adult pig (MJ) 7.9 8.6 MJ/kg -
Energy digestibility growing pig - 67.2 % 6.5 56.3-77.4 11
Energy digestibility adult pig - 71.4 % 5.7 59.7-77.1 8
OM digestibility growing pig - 69.8 %
OM digestibility adult pig - 74.1 %
N digestibility growing pig - 71.2 % 12.4 51.7-87.8 10
N digestibility adult pig - 74.6 % 11.4 56.3-86.5 8
N digestibility ileal standardised pig - 82 % 78-83.3 4
Crude fat digestibility pig - 56.2 %
Digestible P pig (no phytase) 2 2.2 g/kg 25 %
Digestible P pig (with phytase) 3 3.3 g/kg 38 %
Poultry
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
AMEn cockerel (kcal) 2340 2560 kcal/kg - 170 2010 -2440 9 180 2150 -2630 9
AMEn broiler (kcal) 2300 2520 kcal/kg - 160 1910 -2370 8
AMEn cockerel (MJ) 9.8 10.7 MJ/kg -
AMEn broiler (MJ) 9.6 10.5 MJ/kg -
Available P cockerel 2 2.2 g/kg 25 % P
Available P broiler 2 2.2 g/kg 25 % P
Horses
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
OM digestibility horse - 71.2 %
Energy digestibility horse - 68.6 %
Horse Forage Unit 0.77 0.84 per kg -
Digestible crude protein horse 257 282 g/kg -
Rabbits
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
DE rabbit (kcal) 3160 3460 kcal/kg - 1 1
ME rabbit (kcal) 2890 3160 kcal/kg -
DE rabbit (MJ) 13.2 14.5 MJ/kg - 1 1
ME rabbit (MJ) 12.1 13.2 MJ/kg -
Energy digestibility rabbit - 70.6 % 1
N digestibility rabbit - 69.9 % 1
Fish
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
DE salmonids (kcal) 2920 3200 kcal/kg -
DE salmonids (MJ) 12.2 13.4 MJ/kg -
Energy digestibility, salmonids - 65.1 %
N digestibility salmonids - 86.6 %
Amino acids
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Lysine 6.9 7.5 g/kg 2.1 g/16g N 2.4 2.2 -11.4 44 2.6 2.4 -12.7 41 0.6 0.8-3.3 44
Threonine 10.2 11.2 g/kg 3.1 g/16g N 1.1 8.5 -13.7 30 1.2 9.3 -14.3 28 0.3 2.7-4.1 31
Methionine 5.1 5.5 g/kg 1.5 g/16g N 0.9 4 -7 29 0.9 4.4 -8 27 0.2 1.3-2 30
Cystine 6.4 7.1 g/kg 2 g/16g N 1.4 3.3 -9.7 29 1.5 3.7 -11.1 26 0.3 1.1-3 30
Methionine + cystine 11.5 12.6 g/kg 3.5 g/16g N 2.4 7.3 -16.7 29 2.6 8 -19.1 27 0.4 2.4-4.7 30
Tryptophan 3.4 3.8 g/kg 1.1 g/16g N 0.4 2.8 -4 16 0.4 3 -4.4 15 0.09 0.8-1.1 16
Isoleucine 11.3 12.4 g/kg 3.5 g/16g N 1.3 10.1 -15.2 28 1.4 11.1 -16.6 26 0.1 3.2-4 29
Valine 14.2 15.5 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 1.7 12.6 -19.2 28 1.8 13.8 -20.9 25 0.1 4-4.6 29
Leucine 21.2 23.2 g/kg 6.5 g/16g N 2.5 17.7 -27.7 28 2.7 19.4 -30.1 25 0.2 5.8-6.9 29
Phenylalanine 14.6 16 g/kg 4.5 g/16g N 2 12.8 -20.4 27 2.2 13.9 -22.2 25 0.2 4.2-4.9 28
Tyrosine 9.7 10.6 g/kg 3 g/16g N 1.2 8.5 -12.4 15 1.3 9.3 -13.5 13 0.1 2.8-3.1 15
Phenylalanine + tyrosine 24.3 26.6 g/kg 7.4 g/16g N 3.6 21.4 -32.7 15 3.9 23.4 -35.7 13 0.2 7-7.7 15
Histidine 6.8 7.4 g/kg 2.1 g/16g N 1 5.2 -9.4 27 1.1 5.7 -10.2 25 0.2 1.7-2.2 27
Arginine 14 15.3 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 1.4 13.1 -18.4 25 1.5 14.2 -20.1 23 0.3 3.7-4.6 26
Alanine 11.9 13.1 g/kg 3.6 g/16g N 1.3 11.2 -16.2 25 1.4 12 -17.7 22 0.2 3.3-4.1 26
Aspartic acid 16.2 17.7 g/kg 5 g/16g N 1.8 14.1 -21.5 24 1.9 15.5 -22.5 21 0.3 4.3-5.6 25
Glutamic acid 84.2 92.2 g/kg 25.7 g/16g N 11.2 68.1 -114 22 12.1 73.8 -120 19 1.5 22.6-28.5 22
Glycine 13 14.3 g/kg 4 g/16g N 1.6 11.4 -17.8 24 1.8 12.5 -19.2 21 0.2 3.7-4.4 25
Serine 14.5 15.9 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 1.7 11.9 -20.3 25 1.9 13 -21.2 22 0.3 3.8-5 26
Proline 20.8 22.7 g/kg 6.3 g/16g N
Pigs, amino acids
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 4.5 4.9 g/kg 65 % 5 57-72 7
Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 8.1 8.9 g/kg 79 % 5 74-85 7
Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 4.2 4.6 g/kg 83 % 6 75-90 7
Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 5.2 5.7 g/kg 81 % 2 79-84 7
Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 9.4 10.3 g/kg 82 % 1
Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 2.8 3 g/kg 80 % 3 76-85 5
Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 9 9.9 g/kg 80 % 3 74-83 7
Valine, ileal standardised, pig 11.5 12.5 g/kg 81 % 3 77-84 7
Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 17.9 19.6 g/kg 84 % 2 82-87 7
Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 12.9 14.1 g/kg 88 % 2 85-90 7
Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 8.1 8.8 g/kg 83 % 4 79-88 6
Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 20.9 22.9 g/kg 86 %
Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 5.5 6 g/kg 82 % 2 79-85 7
Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 12.1 13.3 g/kg 87 % 3 83-89 7
Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 9.1 10 g/kg 76 % 3 71-79 6
Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 12.5 13.7 g/kg 77 % 5 71-83 6
Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 75.5 82.7 g/kg 90 % 1 88-92 6
Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 10.3 11.3 g/kg 79 % 2 77-83 6
Serine, ileal standardised, pig 12.2 13.4 g/kg 84 % 3 80-87 6
Proline, ileal standardised, pig 17.9 19.6 g/kg 86 % 6 78-95 8
Poultry, amino acids
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.1 3.4 g/kg 46 % 15 24-71 16
Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.2 6.7 g/kg 60 % 10 42-76 19
Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.7 4.1 g/kg 74 % 7 57-84 19
Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.9 4.3 g/kg 61 % 12 30-77 19
Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 7.7 8.4 g/kg 67 % 3 63-74 11
Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 2.2 2.4 g/kg 65 % 14 43-78 8
Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 7.9 8.6 g/kg 70 % 9 47-84 19
Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 9.5 10.4 g/kg 67 % 11 47-85 19
Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 15.7 17.2 g/kg 74 % 8 55-86 19
Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 11.9 13 g/kg 81 % 8 64-90 19
Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.5 7.1 g/kg 67 % 11 51-77 8
Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 18.3 20.1 g/kg 76 %
Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.4 4.9 g/kg 66 % 10 48-83 19
Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 9.5 10.4 g/kg 68 % 11 42-81 19
Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 7.5 8.2 g/kg 63 % 10 42-79 18
Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 7.7 8.5 g/kg 48 % 13 27-68 18
Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 69.1 75.7 g/kg 82 % 7 65-92 18
Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 7.6 8.4 g/kg 59 % 5 50-66 10
Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 9.9 10.8 g/kg 68 % 9 51-81 18
Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 16.8 18.4 g/kg 81 % 7 64-91 18
Origin France, ex factory
Environmental impact
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) 9.48 10.39 MJ/kg -
Phosphorus consumption 2.58 2.82 g P/kg -
Climate change (ILCD) 576 631 g CO2eq/kg -
Acidification (ILCD) 0.008 0.0088 mol H+eq/kg -
Eutrophication (CML baseline) 34.53 37.82 g PO4---eq/kg -
Land competition (CML non baseline) 0.0006 0.0007 m²yr/kg -
CSVXLSXXML