Linseed, whole

Whole linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Other names: full-fat linseed, full-fat flaxseed

Values

Main constituents
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Dry matter 92 100 % - 1.1 88.4 -94.7 226 1.7
Crude protein 20.7 22.5 % - 1.7 13.4 -24.9 217 1.8 14.5 -27.5 183
Crude fibre 9.1 9.9 % - 2.9 2.9 -16.1 168 3.1 3 -17.4 144
Crude fat 34.6 37.6 % - 4.7 19.3 -43.9 61 5.1 21.1 -47.9 59
Ash 3.9 4.2 % - 0.8 2.3 -7 227 0.9 2.5 -7.9 214
Insoluble ash 0.1 0.1 % -
NDF 23.8 25.9 % - 7.1 16.1 -38.5 14 7.7 17.3 -41.3 14
ADF 12.9 14.1 % - 2.2 7.5 -14.9 15 2.4 8.3 -17 17
Lignin 5.3 5.8 % - 1.2 2.7 -6.2 20 1.3 2.9 -8 23
Water insoluble cell walls 16.6 18 % - 1 1
Starch 5.5 6 % - 1 1
Starch, enzymatic method 1.4 1.5 % -
Total sugars 2.7 2.9 % - 2.6 -3.1 4 2.9 -2.9 3
Gross energy (kcal) 5950 6460 kcal/kg - 220 5780 -6530 8 230 6210 -7020 9
Gross energy (MJ) 24.9 27 MJ/kg - 0.9 24.2 -27.3 8 1 26 -29.4 9
Mineral elements
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Calcium 2.7 3 g/kg - 1.1 1.9 -5.3 10 1.2 2 -5.7 10
Phosphorus 5.8 6.3 g/kg - 0.8 4.8 -7.6 11 0.9 5.3 -8.5 11
Phytate phosphorus 4.1 4.4 g/kg 70 % P
Magnesium 3.6 4 g/kg - 1 1
Potassium 7.5 8.2 g/kg -
Sodium 0.48 0.52 g/kg - 1 1
Chlorine 0.5 0.5 g/kg - 1 1
Sulfur 2.7 3 g/kg -
Dietary cation-anion difference 29 32 mEq/kg -
Electrolyte balance 200 217 mEq/kg -
Manganese 29 32 mg/kg -
Zinc 46 50 mg/kg -
Copper 12 13 mg/kg -
Iron 151 164 mg/kg -
Selenium 0.3 0.3 mg/kg -
Molybdenum 0.2 0.2 mg/kg -
Iodine 0.01 0.01 mg/kg -
Fatty acids
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA
C12:0 lauric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 0 0-0 6
C14:0 myristic acid 0.1 0.1 g/kg 0.03 % FA 0.05 0-0.1 8
C16:0 palmitic acid 18.5 20.1 g/kg 5.6 % FA 0.8 4.2-7.7 17
C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.2 0.3 g/kg 0.08 % FA 0.06 0-0.2 10
C18:0 stearic acid 14.6 15.8 g/kg 4.4 % FA 1.2 2.6-6.4 17
C18:1 oleic acid 66.2 72 g/kg 20.2 % FA 2.4 15.8-24.8 17
C18:2 linoleic acid 48.3 52.5 g/kg 14.7 % FA 1 2 10.2-17.8 17
C18:3 linolenic acid 177 192 g/kg 53.8 % FA 1 3.5 47.8-59.9 17
C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1
C20:0 arachidic acid 0.5 0.6 g/kg 0.2 % FA 0.1 0-0.3 13
C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0.3 0.3 g/kg 0.09 % FA 0.09 0-0.2 10
C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 0 -0 2 0 -0 2 0-0 4
C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 0 -0 2 0 -0 2 0-0 2
C22:0 behenic acid 0.4 0.4 g/kg 0.1 % FA 0.3 -0.7 3 0.4 -0.8 3 0.09 0-0.2 11
C22:1 erucic acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 0.05 % FA 0.1 0-0.3 6
C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 0 -0 2 0 -0 2 0-0 3
C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 0 -0 2 0 -0 2 0-0 3
C24:0 lignoceric acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 0.06 % FA 0.05 0-0.1 9
Fatty acids 32.9 35.7 % 95 % fat 1
Vitamins and pigments
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Vitamin A 0 0 1000 IU/kg -
Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg -
Vitamin E 3.1 3.4 mg/kg -
Vitamin K 0.04 0.05 mg/kg -
Vitamin B1 thiamin 12.2 13.3 mg/kg -
Vitamin B2 riboflavin 2 2.2 mg/kg -
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine 6.3 6.8 mg/kg -
Vitamin B12 0 0 µg/kg -
Niacin 30.8 33.5 mg/kg -
Pantothenic acid 9.9 10.8 mg/kg -
Vitamin C 6 6.5 mg/kg -
Ruminants
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
UFL INRA 2018 1.57 1.71 per kg -
UFV INRA 2018 1.58 1.72 per kg -
PDIA INRA 2018 44 48 g/kg -
PDI INRA 2018 89 97 g/kg -
Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 72 78 g/kg -
Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.295 0.32 per kg -
ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 4150 4500 kcal/kg -
NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2760 3000 kcal/kg -
NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2780 3020 kcal/kg -
ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 17.2 18.7 MJ/kg -
NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 11.5 12.5 MJ/kg -
NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 11.5 12.5 MJ/kg -
OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 77 %
Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 80.5 %
N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 75 %
DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 59 %
Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 82 %
Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 6.1 % PDI
Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5 % PDI
Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2 % PDI
Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.1 % PDI
Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.5 % PDI
Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 7.7 % PDI
Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.2 % PDI
Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.1 % PDI
Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.9 % PDI
UFL FL1 INRA 2018 1.61 1.75 per kg -
UFV FL1 INRA 2018 1.63 1.77 per kg -
PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 38 42 g/kg -
PDI FL1 INRA 2018 85 92 g/kg -
Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 76 83 g/kg -
UFL FL4 INRA 2018 1.49 1.62 per kg -
UFV FL4 INRA 2018 1.49 1.62 per kg -
PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 53 57 g/kg -
PDI FL4 INRA 2018 97 105 g/kg -
Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 63 69 g/kg -
UFL INRA 2007 1.45 1.57 per kg -
UFL INRA 2007 1.44 1.56 per kg -
UFV INRA 2007 1.4 1.53 per kg -
UFV INRA 2007 1.42 1.54 per kg -
PDIA INRA 2007 43 46 g/kg - 1
PDIN INRA 2007 133 145 g/kg - 1
PDIE INRA 2007 71 77 g/kg - 1 59 -97 2
ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 3930 4270 kcal/kg -
ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 16.3 17.8 MJ/kg -
ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 16.5 17.9 MJ/kg -
OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 78.4 %
Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 81.9 %
N digestibility ruminants - 73.4 % 1
N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 85 % 1
NDF digestibility ruminants - 61 %
N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 78 % 70-84 2
Immediately degradable N (a) - 54 %
Potentially degradable N (b) - 38 %
Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.105 h-1
Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 80 %
DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 60 % 1
Immediately degradable DM (a) - 36 %
Potentially degradable DM (b) - 38 %
Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.105 h-1
Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 78.7 %
Absorbable P ruminants 4.2 4.6 g/kg 73 % P
Absorbable Ca ruminants 1.5 1.6 g/kg 55 % Ca
Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.9 % PDIE
Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5 % PDIE
Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 1.9 % PDIE
Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.2 % PDIE
Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.6 % PDIE
Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 7.6 % PDIE
Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.2 % PDIE
Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.1 % PDIE
Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 6 % PDIE
VEM CVB 2018 1447 1572 per kg -
VEVI CVB 2018 1554 1688 per kg -
DVE CVB 1991 55 60 g/kg -
OEB CVB 1991 113 123 g/kg -
DVLYS CVB 1991 2.1 2.3 g/kg -
DVMET CVB 1991 0.9 1 g/kg -
TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 107 117 % -
DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 4.78 5.19 Mcal/kg -
NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 2.96 3.21 Mcal/kg -
NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 2.81 3.06 Mcal/kg -
NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 2.78 3.02 Mcal/kg -
NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 2.01 2.18 Mcal/kg -
Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 21 %
Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 24 %
EN Lactation ruminants GfE 10.2 11.1 MJ/kg -
nxP ruminants GfE 218 237 g/kg -
RNB ruminants GfE -2 -2 g/kg -
Pigs
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
DE growing pig (kcal) 4600 5000 kcal/kg - 3040 -5010 4 3340 -5510 4
ME growing pig (kcal) 4430 4810 kcal/kg -
NE growing pig (kcal) 3500 3810 kcal/kg -
DE adult pig (kcal) 4730 5140 kcal/kg -
ME adult pig (kcal) 4520 4920 kcal/kg -
NE adult pig (kcal) 3580 3890 kcal/kg -
DE growing pig (MJ) 19.2 20.9 MJ/kg -
ME growing pig (MJ) 18.5 20.1 MJ/kg -
NE growing pig (MJ) 14.7 15.9 MJ/kg -
DE adult pig (MJ) 19.8 21.5 MJ/kg -
ME adult pig (MJ) 18.9 20.6 MJ/kg -
NE adult pig (MJ) 15 16.3 MJ/kg -
Energy digestibility growing pig - 77.3 % 50.9-83.9 4
Energy digestibility adult pig - 79.6 %
OM digestibility growing pig - 79 % 57-83.6 3
OM digestibility adult pig - 82 %
N digestibility growing pig - 82.6 % 79.8-91 3
N digestibility adult pig - 86.4 %
Crude fat digestibility pig - 84.3 % 44.5-90.3 3
Digestible P pig (no phytase) 0.7 0.8 g/kg 12 %
Digestible P pig (with phytase) 1 1.1 g/kg 18 %
Poultry
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
AMEn cockerel (kcal) 3950 4290 kcal/kg - 1 1
AMEn broiler (kcal) 3750 4080 kcal/kg - 1
AMEn cockerel (MJ) 16.5 17.9 MJ/kg -
AMEn broiler (MJ) 15.7 17.1 MJ/kg -
Available P cockerel 1.4 1.6 g/kg 25 % P
Available P broiler 1.4 1.6 g/kg 25 % P
Horses
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
OM digestibility horse - 73.9 %
Energy digestibility horse - 71.2 %
Horse Forage Unit 1.19 1.29 per kg -
Digestible crude protein horse 158 172 g/kg -
Rabbits
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
DE rabbit (kcal) 4570 4970 kcal/kg -
ME rabbit (kcal) 4380 4750 kcal/kg -
DE rabbit (MJ) 19.1 20.8 MJ/kg -
ME rabbit (MJ) 18.3 19.9 MJ/kg -
Energy digestibility rabbit - 76.9 %
N digestibility rabbit - 73 %
Fish
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
DE salmonids (kcal) 4000 4350 kcal/kg -
DE salmonids (MJ) 16.8 18.2 MJ/kg -
Energy digestibility, salmonids - 67.3 %
N digestibility salmonids - 85 %
Amino acids
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Lysine 8.1 8.8 g/kg 3.9 g/16g N 1.3 5.9 -10.6 7 1.4 6.4 -11.4 9 0.4 3.4-4.7 9
Threonine 9.2 10 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 1.9 5.8 -12.3 7 2.1 6.3 -13.2 9 0.7 3.3-5.3 9
Methionine 4.1 4.4 g/kg 2 g/16g N 0.2 3.6 -4.3 8 0.2 3.9 -4.6 10 0.2 1.6-2.2 10
Cystine 4 4.4 g/kg 1.9 g/16g N 0.6 3.4 -4.2 7 0.7 3.7 -5.7 8 0.2 1.6-2.4 8
Methionine + cystine 8.1 8.8 g/kg 3.9 g/16g N 0.9 6.9 -8.4 6 0.9 7.5 -10.3 7 0.3 3.2-4.3 7
Tryptophan 3.7 4 g/kg 1.8 g/16g N 1 2.8 -4.1 2
Isoleucine 9.8 10.7 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N 1.9 6.5 -12.1 7 2.1 7.1 -13 9 0.6 3.7-5.3 9
Valine 10.8 11.8 g/kg 5.2 g/16g N 1.6 8 -13.1 6 1.8 8.7 -14.1 8 0.4 4.6-5.8 8
Leucine 13.2 14.3 g/kg 6.4 g/16g N 1.9 10.4 -16.7 7 2.1 11.4 -18 9 0.5 5.8-7.2 9
Phenylalanine 11.1 12 g/kg 5.3 g/16g N 2.1 8 -13.3 7 2.3 8.7 -14.6 9 0.7 4.6-6.1 9
Tyrosine 5.8 6.3 g/kg 2.8 g/16g N 1.1 5 -6 3 1.2 5.3 -7.9 5 0.4 2.5-3.3 5
Phenylalanine + tyrosine 16.9 18.4 g/kg 8.1 g/16g N 3.2 14.1 -19.3 3 3.5 15.1 -22.4 5 1.2 7.1-9.4 5
Histidine 4.8 5.2 g/kg 2.3 g/16g N 0.9 3.8 -6.5 7 1 4.1 -7 9 0.3 2-2.8 9
Arginine 20.8 22.6 g/kg 10 g/16g N 3.9 12.9 -26 7 4.3 14.1 -28 8 1.2 7.4-11.2 8
Alanine 9.7 10.5 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N 1.8 7 -12.5 5 1.9 7.6 -13.4 6 0.5 4-5.6 6
Aspartic acid 20.9 22.8 g/kg 10.1 g/16g N 3.7 13 -25.1 6 4 14.2 -27 8 1.1 7.4-10.8 8
Glutamic acid 44.8 48.7 g/kg 21.6 g/16g N 8.4 40.4 -61.6 6 9.2 43.2 -66.2 8 3.3 19-27.5 8
Glycine 12.5 13.5 g/kg 6 g/16g N 2.1 8.8 -16 5 2.3 9.6 -17.2 7 0.7 5-7.1 7
Serine 10.5 11.4 g/kg 5.1 g/16g N 1.6 7.8 -12.2 6 1.8 8.5 -13.4 8 0.5 4.5-5.6 8
Proline 7.7 8.3 g/kg 3.7 g/16g N 7.2 -10.7 4 7.7 -11.7 4 3.6-6.1 4
Pigs, amino acids
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 6.1 6.6 g/kg 75 %
Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 6.9 7.5 g/kg 75 %
Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 3.4 3.7 g/kg 83 %
Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 2.9 3.2 g/kg 73 %
Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 6.3 6.8 g/kg 78 %
Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 2.8 3.1 g/kg 76 %
Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 7.8 8.5 g/kg 80 %
Valine, ileal standardised, pig 8.5 9.2 g/kg 78 %
Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 10.8 11.7 g/kg 82 %
Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 9.2 10 g/kg 83 %
Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 4.7 5.1 g/kg 81 %
Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 13.9 15.1 g/kg 82 %
Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 3.9 4.2 g/kg 81 %
Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 18.1 19.7 g/kg 87 %
Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 7.4 8 g/kg 77 %
Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 16.5 17.9 g/kg 79 %
Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 38.1 41.4 g/kg 85 %
Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 9.1 9.9 g/kg 73 %
Serine, ileal standardised, pig 8.2 8.9 g/kg 78 %
Proline, ileal standardised, pig 6.1 6.6 g/kg 79 %
Poultry, amino acids
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.6 6.1 g/kg 69 %
Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 6 6.6 g/kg 66 %
Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.8 3 g/kg 68 %
Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.6 2.8 g/kg 64 %
Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.3 5.8 g/kg 66 %
Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 2.3 2.5 g/kg 63 %
Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.9 6.4 g/kg 60 %
Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.3 6.8 g/kg 58 %
Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.3 9 g/kg 63 %
Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.8 7.3 g/kg 61 % 56-64 2
Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.7 4 g/kg 63 %
Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 10.4 11.3 g/kg 62 %
Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.8 3.1 g/kg 59 %
Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 13.7 14.9 g/kg 66 %
Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.8 6.3 g/kg 60 %
Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 12.1 13.2 g/kg 58 %
Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 31.4 34.1 g/kg 70 %
Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 7.6 8.3 g/kg 61 %
Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.1 6.6 g/kg 58 %
Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 5.3 5.8 g/kg 69 %
Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency
Environmental impact
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) 6.09 6.62 MJ/kg -
Phosphorus consumption 9.16 9.96 g P/kg -
Climate change (ILCD) 895 973 g CO2eq/kg -
Acidification (ILCD) 0.0186 0.0202 mol H+eq/kg -
Eutrophication (CML baseline) 81.15 88.17 g PO4---eq/kg -
Land competition (CML non baseline) 0.0005 0.0006 m²yr/kg -
Origin France, conventional farming, ex field
Environmental impact
Parameter As fed On DM Unit Other Unit SD Range Count SD Range Count SD Range Count
Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) 5.91 6.42 MJ/kg -
Phosphorus consumption 9.16 9.96 g P/kg -
Climate change (ILCD) 886 962 g CO2eq/kg -
Acidification (ILCD) 0.0185 0.0201 mol H+eq/kg -
Eutrophication (CML baseline) 80.89 87.89 g PO4---eq/kg -
Land competition (CML non baseline) 0.0005 0.0006 m²yr/kg -
CSVXLSXXML