Byproduct of wheat flour production obtained by the milling of wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L., also known as Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum). It consists principally of fragments of the outer skins and of particles of grain containing variable amounts of endosperm. Wheat middlings are often mixtures of different types of milling offal. They are typically richer in starch and less coarse than wheat bran, and poorer in starch and coarser than wheat feed flour. The composition and nutritive values are provided for wheat middlings containing less than 20% starch (as fed).
Values
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter | 88.3 | 100 | % | - | 2.4 | 85 -95.7 | 280 | 2.2 | ||||||
Crude protein | 15.7 | 17.8 | % | - | 1.1 | 9.8 -18.8 | 326 | 1.2 | 13.5 -21.2 | 276 | ||||
Crude fibre | 7.1 | 8.1 | % | - | 1.4 | 2.9 -10 | 147 | 1.6 | 3.4 -11.4 | 136 | ||||
Crude fat | 3.8 | 4.3 | % | - | 0.8 | 0.8 -5.3 | 334 | 0.9 | 0.9 -6.1 | 344 | ||||
Ash | 3.8 | 4.3 | % | - | 0.7 | 2 -5.6 | 109 | 0.8 | 2.3 -6.1 | 99 | ||||
Insoluble ash | 0.08 | 0.09 | % | - | 0.04 | 0.02 -0.2 | 27 | 0.04 | 0.02 -0.2 | 27 | ||||
NDF | 31.7 | 35.9 | % | - | 5.4 | 19.9 -43.6 | 29 | 6.1 | 22.7 -50.3 | 79 | ||||
ADF | 9.2 | 10.5 | % | - | 2 | 4.7 -13.1 | 29 | 2.3 | 5.3 -15.2 | 87 | ||||
Lignin | 2.7 | 3 | % | - | 0.7 | 1.2 -3.8 | 18 | 0.8 | 1.4 -4.3 | 67 | ||||
Water insoluble cell walls | 30.9 | 35 | % | - | 21.3 -33.6 | 3 | 24.3 -38.5 | 2 | ||||||
Starch | 18.9 | 21.4 | % | - | 0.9 | 17 -20 | 121 | 0.9 | 19.2 -22.9 | 113 | ||||
Total sugars | 6.9 | 7.8 | % | - | 1.6 | 2.1 -9.5 | 10 | 1.9 | 2.4 -8.2 | 10 | ||||
Gross energy (kcal) | 4050 | 4590 | kcal/kg | - | 100 | 3870 -4290 | 14 | 80 | 4410 -4840 | 30 | ||||
Gross energy (MJ) | 16.9 | 19.2 | MJ/kg | - | 0.4 | 16.2 -18 | 14 | 0.4 | 18.4 -20.3 | 30 |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium | 1.1 | 1.2 | g/kg | - | 0.4 | 0.2 -2.1 | 62 | 0.4 | 0.2 -2.4 | 67 | ||||
Phosphorus | 7.8 | 8.9 | g/kg | - | 2 | 4.6 -15.3 | 70 | 2.2 | 5.2 -16.8 | 76 | ||||
Phytate phosphorus | 6.3 | 7.1 | g/kg | 80 | % P | 78-80 | 2 | |||||||
Magnesium | 2.3 | 2.6 | g/kg | - | 0.7 | 1.1 -4.3 | 27 | 0.8 | 1.2 -4.8 | 27 | ||||
Potassium | 9.9 | 11.2 | g/kg | - | 1.6 | 7.1 -15.4 | 33 | 1.8 | 8.1 -16.9 | 40 | ||||
Sodium | 0.08 | 0.09 | g/kg | - | 0.01 | 0.08 -0.11 | 3 | 0.01 | 0.09 -0.12 | 11 | ||||
Chlorine | 0.8 | 0.9 | g/kg | - | ||||||||||
Sulfur | 2 | 2.3 | g/kg | - | ||||||||||
Dietary cation-anion difference | 107 | 121 | mEq/kg | - | ||||||||||
Electrolyte balance | 234 | 265 | mEq/kg | - | ||||||||||
Manganese | 97 | 110 | mg/kg | - | 35 | 58 -169 | 13 | |||||||
Zinc | 84 | 95 | mg/kg | - | 16 | 70 -119 | 3 | 18 | 72 -139 | 13 | ||||
Copper | 13 | 15 | mg/kg | - | 2 | 11 -15 | 3 | 2 | 12 -17 | 11 | ||||
Iron | 117 | 132 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Selenium | 0.7 | 0.8 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Cobalt | 0.1 | 0.1 | mg/kg | - | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Molybdenum | 0.07 | 0.08 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Iodine | 0.1 | 0.1 | mg/kg | - |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C14:0 myristic acid | 0.03 | 0.03 | g/kg | 0.1 | % FA | |||||||||
C16:0 palmitic acid | 5.4 | 6.2 | g/kg | 17.8 | % FA | |||||||||
C16:1 palmitoleic acid | 0.1 | 0.1 | g/kg | 0.4 | % FA | |||||||||
C18:0 stearic acid | 0.2 | 0.3 | g/kg | 0.8 | % FA | |||||||||
C18:1 oleic acid | 4.6 | 5.3 | g/kg | 15.2 | % FA | |||||||||
C18:2 linoleic acid | 17.2 | 19.5 | g/kg | 56.4 | % FA | |||||||||
C18:3 linolenic acid | 1.8 | 2 | g/kg | 5.9 | % FA | |||||||||
C20:1 eicosenoic acid | 0.4 | 0.4 | g/kg | 1.3 | % FA | |||||||||
Fatty acids | 3.1 | 3.5 | g/kg | 80 | % fat |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin E | 54 | 61 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Vitamin B1 thiamin | 18 | 21 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Vitamin B2 riboflavin | 3 | 4 | mg/kg | - | 1 | |||||||||
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine | 7 | 8 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Vitamin B12 | 0 | 0 | µg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Niacin | 107 | 122 | mg/kg | - | 1 | |||||||||
Folic acid | 1 | 2 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Biotin | 0.2 | 0.3 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Choline | 1173 | 1330 | mg/kg | - |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Viscosity, real applied | - | 2 | mL/g | |||||||||||
Phytase activity | 3400 | 3850 | IU/kg | - | 1 |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DE growing pig (kcal) | 2670 | 3030 | kcal/kg | - | 2300 -3100 | 3 | 2510 -3560 | 4 | ||||||
ME growing pig (kcal) | 2530 | 2870 | kcal/kg | - | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
NE growing pig (kcal) | 1760 | 2000 | kcal/kg | - | ||||||||||
DE adult pig (kcal) | 2860 | 3240 | kcal/kg | - | ||||||||||
ME adult pig (kcal) | 2670 | 3020 | kcal/kg | - | ||||||||||
NE adult pig (kcal) | 1880 | 2130 | kcal/kg | - | ||||||||||
DE growing pig (MJ) | 11.2 | 12.7 | MJ/kg | - | 9.6 -13 | 3 | 10.5 -14.9 | 4 | ||||||
ME growing pig (MJ) | 10.6 | 12 | MJ/kg | - | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
NE growing pig (MJ) | 7.4 | 8.4 | MJ/kg | - | ||||||||||
DE adult pig (MJ) | 12 | 13.6 | MJ/kg | - | ||||||||||
ME adult pig (MJ) | 11.2 | 12.7 | MJ/kg | - | ||||||||||
NE adult pig (MJ) | 7.9 | 8.9 | MJ/kg | - | ||||||||||
Energy digestibility growing pig | - | 66 | % | 56.4-78 | 4 | |||||||||
Energy digestibility adult pig | - | 70.6 | % | |||||||||||
OM digestibility growing pig | - | 69.4 | % | 1 | ||||||||||
OM digestibility adult pig | - | 74 | % | |||||||||||
N digestibility growing pig | - | 70.5 | % | 69-79.4 | 3 | |||||||||
N digestibility adult pig | - | 77.5 | % | |||||||||||
N digestibility ileal standardised pig | - | 75.5 | % | 5.2 | 75.1-88.7 | 8 | ||||||||
Crude fat digestibility pig | - | 49.2 | % | 1 | ||||||||||
Digestible P pig (no phytase) | 2 | 2.2 | g/kg | 25 | % | 1 | ||||||||
Digestible P pig (with phytase) | 3.9 | 4.4 | g/kg | 50 | % |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMEn cockerel (kcal) | 2070 | 2350 | kcal/kg | - | 1 | |||||||||
AMEn broiler (kcal) | 1990 | 2260 | kcal/kg | - | 1430 -1990 | 2 | ||||||||
AMEn cockerel (MJ) | 8.7 | 9.8 | MJ/kg | - | 1 | |||||||||
AMEn broiler (MJ) | 8.3 | 9.5 | MJ/kg | - | 6 -8.3 | 2 |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OM digestibility horse | - | 72 | % | 1 | ||||||||||
Energy digestibility horse | - | 69.4 | % | |||||||||||
Horse Forage Unit | 0.81 | 0.92 | per kg | - | ||||||||||
Digestible crude protein horse | 111 | 126 | g/kg | - |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DE rabbit (kcal) | 2940 | 3330 | kcal/kg | - | 1 | 2930 -3460 | 2 | |||||||
ME rabbit (kcal) | 2810 | 3190 | kcal/kg | - | ||||||||||
DE rabbit (MJ) | 12.3 | 13.9 | MJ/kg | - | 1 | 12.3 -14.5 | 2 | |||||||
ME rabbit (MJ) | 11.8 | 13.3 | MJ/kg | - | ||||||||||
Energy digestibility rabbit | - | 72.6 | % | 1 | ||||||||||
N digestibility rabbit | - | 60.1 | % |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DE salmonids (kcal) | 1640 | 1860 | kcal/kg | - | 1490 -2030 | 4 | 1670 -2280 | 4 | ||||||
DE salmonids (MJ) | 6.9 | 7.8 | MJ/kg | - | 6.2 -8.5 | 4 | 7 -9.6 | 4 | ||||||
Energy digestibility, salmonids | - | 40.2 | % | 36-45.3 | 4 | |||||||||
N digestibility salmonids | - | 78.7 | % | 68-92 | 4 |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lysine | 6.3 | 7.1 | g/kg | 4 | g/16g N | 0.9 | 2.3 -7.3 | 55 | 1 | 4.6 -8.4 | 28 | 0.5 | 2.2-4.9 | 56 |
Threonine | 5.1 | 5.7 | g/kg | 3.2 | g/16g N | 0.7 | 2.6 -6.1 | 49 | 0.8 | 4.2 -8 | 25 | 0.3 | 2.6-4 | 53 |
Methionine | 2.4 | 2.7 | g/kg | 1.5 | g/16g N | 0.4 | 1.5 -3.2 | 47 | 0.4 | 1.6 -3.6 | 22 | 0.2 | 0.8-2 | 50 |
Cystine | 3.2 | 3.6 | g/kg | 2 | g/16g N | 0.3 | 2.1 -3.7 | 40 | 0.3 | 2.9 -4.3 | 14 | 0.1 | 1.6-2.4 | 41 |
Methionine + cystine | 5.6 | 6.3 | g/kg | 3.6 | g/16g N | 0.4 | 3.6 -6.2 | 40 | 0.5 | 5.3 -7.2 | 14 | 0.3 | 3.1-4.3 | 41 |
Tryptophan | 2.1 | 2.3 | g/kg | 1.3 | g/16g N | 0.3 | 1.1 -2.8 | 32 | 0.3 | 1.9 -2.9 | 9 | 0.2 | 1.1-1.8 | 33 |
Isoleucine | 5 | 5.7 | g/kg | 3.2 | g/16g N | 0.5 | 3.4 -6.4 | 49 | 0.6 | 4.7 -7 | 25 | 0.2 | 2.8-3.8 | 53 |
Valine | 7.1 | 8 | g/kg | 4.5 | g/16g N | 0.8 | 4 -7.9 | 47 | 0.9 | 6.4 -10 | 21 | 0.3 | 3.8-5.1 | 49 |
Leucine | 9.6 | 10.8 | g/kg | 6.1 | g/16g N | 0.8 | 6.5 -11.2 | 49 | 0.9 | 9.9 -14 | 25 | 0.4 | 5.2-7 | 53 |
Phenylalanine | 6.2 | 7.1 | g/kg | 4 | g/16g N | 0.5 | 5.3 -7.4 | 44 | 0.6 | 5.9 -8.2 | 23 | 0.2 | 3.4-4.4 | 48 |
Tyrosine | 4.1 | 4.7 | g/kg | 2.6 | g/16g N | 0.8 | 2.9 -5.1 | 33 | 0.9 | 3.4 -6 | 14 | 0.3 | 2.1-3.5 | 37 |
Phenylalanine + tyrosine | 10.3 | 11.7 | g/kg | 6.6 | g/16g N | 1.1 | 8.5 -11.1 | 22 | 1.3 | 10.6 -14 | 6 | 0.3 | 5.9-7.3 | 26 |
Histidine | 4.2 | 4.7 | g/kg | 2.6 | g/16g N | 0.4 | 2 -4.9 | 45 | 0.4 | 3.8 -5.5 | 21 | 0.2 | 2-3 | 48 |
Arginine | 10 | 11.4 | g/kg | 6.4 | g/16g N | 1.6 | 5.4 -12.9 | 46 | 1.8 | 8.4 -15 | 23 | 0.6 | 4.9-7.2 | 49 |
Alanine | 7 | 7.9 | g/kg | 4.5 | g/16g N | 1 | 4.4 -8.6 | 45 | 1.1 | 6.1 -11 | 22 | 0.4 | 3.4-5.2 | 47 |
Aspartic acid | 10.4 | 11.8 | g/kg | 6.6 | g/16g N | 1.3 | 6.5 -12 | 43 | 1.5 | 9.3 -16 | 23 | 0.4 | 5.5-8.1 | 46 |
Glutamic acid | 31.7 | 35.9 | g/kg | 20.2 | g/16g N | 3.4 | 24.4 -42.3 | 44 | 3.8 | 30.5 -44.5 | 23 | 2.8 | 14.4-26.7 | 47 |
Glycine | 7.6 | 8.6 | g/kg | 4.8 | g/16g N | 0.8 | 3.4 -8.6 | 46 | 0.9 | 6.6 -11 | 23 | 0.5 | 3.5-5.8 | 50 |
Serine | 6.8 | 7.7 | g/kg | 4.3 | g/16g N | 0.6 | 4.4 -7.5 | 45 | 0.7 | 6.2 -8.6 | 20 | 0.3 | 3.1-5 | 47 |
Proline | 10.5 | 11.9 | g/kg | 6.6 | g/16g N | 0.9 | 8 -13.9 | 32 | 1 | 10.2 -13.6 | 13 | 0.8 | 5.1-8.7 | 34 |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lysine, ileal standardised, pig | 4.7 | 5.3 | g/kg | 75 | % | 4.4 -5.6 | 2 | 5 -6.4 | 2 | |||||
Threonine, ileal standardised, pig | 3.7 | 4.1 | g/kg | 72 | % | 3 -4.5 | 2 | 3.4 -5.1 | 2 | 4 | 70-83 | 8 | ||
Methionine, ileal standardised, pig | 2 | 2.2 | g/kg | 81 | % | 1.9 -2.1 | 2 | 2.2 -2.4 | 2 | 3 | 81-91 | 8 | ||
Cystine, ileal standardised, pig | 2.5 | 2.8 | g/kg | 77 | % | 3 | 76-86 | 8 | ||||||
Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig | 4.4 | 5 | g/kg | 79 | % | 3 | 79-88 | 8 | ||||||
Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig | 1.7 | 1.9 | g/kg | 80 | % | 78-88 | 4 | |||||||
Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig | 4 | 4.5 | g/kg | 80 | % | 5 | 77-90 | 8 | ||||||
Valine, ileal standardised, pig | 5.5 | 6.2 | g/kg | 78 | % | 5.4 -6.1 | 2 | 6.2 -7 | 2 | 5 | 76-88 | 8 | ||
Leucine, ileal standardised, pig | 7.7 | 8.8 | g/kg | 81 | % | |||||||||
Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig | 5.2 | 5.9 | g/kg | 84 | % | 4 | 84-93 | 8 | ||||||
Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig | 3.4 | 3.9 | g/kg | 84 | % | 3.4 -4.3 | 2 | 3.9 -4.9 | 2 | |||||
Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig | 8.7 | 9.8 | g/kg | 84 | % | 8.5 -9.2 | 2 | 9.7 -10.4 | 2 | |||||
Histidine, ileal standardised, pig | 3.5 | 3.9 | g/kg | 84 | % | |||||||||
Arginine, ileal standardised, pig | 8.8 | 10 | g/kg | 87 | % | 7.5 -9.5 | 2 | 8.5 -10.9 | 2 | 3 | 85-94 | 8 | ||
Alanine, ileal standardised, pig | 5.1 | 5.7 | g/kg | 72 | % | 4.6 -5.7 | 2 | 5.2 -6.5 | 2 | 5 | 71-85 | 8 | ||
Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig | 7.9 | 9 | g/kg | 76 | % | 7.1 -9.3 | 2 | 8 -10.6 | 2 | |||||
Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig | 28.3 | 32.1 | g/kg | 89 | % | 25.4 -31.4 | 2 | 29 -35.8 | 2 | 3 | 88-95 | 8 | ||
Glycine, ileal standardised, pig | 5.5 | 6.2 | g/kg | 72 | % | 5 -6 | 2 | 5.6 -6.8 | 2 | 5 | 69-84 | 8 | ||
Serine, ileal standardised, pig | 5.4 | 6.1 | g/kg | 79 | % | 4.7 -6.1 | 2 | 5.4 -6.9 | 2 | 3 | 79-88 | 8 | ||
Proline, ileal standardised, pig | 9.3 | 10.6 | g/kg | 89 | % | 8 | 70-94 | 8 |
Origin France, ex factory
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) | 0.83 | 0.94 | MJ/kg | - | ||||||||||
Phosphorus consumption | 0.6 | 0.68 | g P/kg | - | ||||||||||
Climate change (ILCD) | 94 | 106 | g CO2eq/kg | - | ||||||||||
Acidification (ILCD) | 0.0023 | 0.0026 | mol H+eq/kg | - | ||||||||||
Eutrophication (CML baseline) | 0.86 | 0.98 | g PO4---eq/kg | - | ||||||||||
Land competition (CML non baseline) | 0.29 | 0.33 | m²yr/kg | - |