Byproduct of wheat flour production obtained by the milling of wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L., also known as Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum). It consists principally of fragments of the outer skins and of particles of grain containing variable amounts of endosperm. Wheat middlings are often mixtures of different types of milling offal. They are typically richer in starch and less coarse than wheat bran, and poorer in starch and coarser than wheat feed flour. The composition and nutritive values are provided for wheat middlings containing between 20% and 30% of starch (as fed).
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter | 88 | 100 | % | - | 1.1 | 83.8 -96.7 | 1497 | 1.8 | ||||||
Crude protein | 16 | 18.1 | % | - | 0.9 | 9.8 -18.9 | 1732 | 1 | 13.5 -21.3 | 1508 | ||||
Crude fibre | 7.1 | 8 | % | - | 1 | 2.9 -10 | 752 | 1.1 | 3.4 -11.7 | 618 | ||||
Crude fat | 4.1 | 4.6 | % | - | 0.5 | 0.8 -5.2 | 378 | 0.6 | 0.9 -6 | 373 | ||||
Ash | 3.8 | 4.3 | % | - | 0.4 | 2 -5.8 | 598 | 0.5 | 2.3 -6.4 | 505 | ||||
Insoluble ash | 0.08 | 0.09 | % | - | 0.04 | 0.01 -0.2 | 29 | 0.04 | 0.01 -0.2 | 29 | ||||
NDF | 31.3 | 35.5 | % | - | 5.2 | 19.9 -43.6 | 55 | 5.9 | 22.7 -50.3 | 104 | ||||
ADF | 9.1 | 10.4 | % | - | 1.9 | 4.7 -13.1 | 55 | 2.2 | 5.3 -15.2 | 112 | ||||
Lignin | 2.6 | 3 | % | - | 0.6 | 1.2 -3.8 | 88 | 0.7 | 1.4 -4.3 | 136 | ||||
Water insoluble cell walls | 30.6 | 34.7 | % | - | 5 | 21.3 -33.6 | 5 | 24.3 -38.9 | 3 | |||||
Starch | 25.2 | 28.6 | % | - | 2.6 | 20 -30 | 1444 | 2.9 | 23 -34 | 1261 | ||||
Starch, enzymatic method | 21.6 | 24.5 | % | - | ||||||||||
Total sugars | 7 | 8 | % | - | 2 | 2.1 -10.5 | 71 | 2.2 | 2.4 -12 | 70 | ||||
Gross energy (kcal) | 4060 | 4610 | kcal/kg | - | 90 | 3870 -4290 | 17 | 80 | 4410 -4840 | 33 | ||||
Gross energy (MJ) | 17 | 19.3 | MJ/kg | - | 0.4 | 16.2 -18 | 17 | 0.3 | 18.4 -20.3 | 33 |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium | 1.1 | 1.2 | g/kg | - | 0.3 | 0.2 -2.1 | 164 | 0.4 | 0.2 -2.4 | 168 | ||||
Phosphorus | 7.7 | 8.8 | g/kg | - | 1.6 | 4.5 -15.3 | 177 | 1.8 | 5.2 -16.8 | 182 | ||||
Phytate phosphorus | 6.2 | 7 | g/kg | 80 | % P | 1 | 78-80 | 2 | ||||||
Magnesium | 2.9 | 3.3 | g/kg | - | 0.7 | 1.1 -4.3 | 31 | 0.8 | 1.2 -4.8 | 31 | ||||
Potassium | 9.7 | 11 | g/kg | - | 1.5 | 7.1 -15.4 | 39 | 1.7 | 8.1 -16.9 | 46 | ||||
Sodium | 0.05 | 0.06 | g/kg | - | 0.03 | 0.01 -0.18 | 48 | 0.04 | 0.01 -0.2 | 55 | ||||
Chlorine | 0.9 | 1 | g/kg | - | 0.7 -1.1 | 4 | 0.8 -1.2 | 3 | ||||||
Sulfur | 1.7 | 1.9 | g/kg | - | 0.3 | 1.4 -2 | 5 | 0.3 | 1.5 -2.3 | 5 | ||||
Dietary cation-anion difference | 122 | 138 | mEq/kg | - | ||||||||||
Electrolyte balance | 226 | 257 | mEq/kg | - | ||||||||||
Manganese | 96 | 109 | mg/kg | - | 27 | 92 -150 | 11 | 31 | 58 -169 | 21 | ||||
Zinc | 87 | 99 | mg/kg | - | 17 | 70 -119 | 6 | 19 | 72 -139 | 16 | ||||
Copper | 13 | 15 | mg/kg | - | 2 | 10 -15 | 6 | 2 | 11 -17 | 14 | ||||
Iron | 126 | 143 | mg/kg | - | 63 | 58 -189 | 5 | 71 | 65 -215 | 5 | ||||
Selenium | 0.2 | 0.2 | mg/kg | - | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Cobalt | 0.07 | 0.08 | mg/kg | - | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Molybdenum | 0.9 | 1 | mg/kg | - | 0.9 -0.9 | 3 | 1 -1 | 3 | ||||||
Iodine | 0.09 | 0.1 | mg/kg | - | 0.09 -0.09 | 3 | 0.1 -0.1 | 3 |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids | 0 | 0 | g/kg | 0 | % FA | |||||||||
C12:0 lauric acid | 0.03 | 0.03 | g/kg | 0.08 | % FA | |||||||||
C14:0 myristic acid | 0.04 | 0.05 | g/kg | 0.1 | % FA | 0-0.3 | 4 | |||||||
C16:0 palmitic acid | 5.8 | 6.6 | g/kg | 17.8 | % FA | 4.8 -6.1 | 3 | 5.3 -6.9 | 3 | 0.9 | 15.5-18.3 | 9 | ||
C16:1 palmitoleic acid | 0.1 | 0.1 | g/kg | 0.4 | % FA | |||||||||
C18:0 stearic acid | 0.3 | 0.3 | g/kg | 0.8 | % FA | 0.2 -0.3 | 3 | 0.2 -0.3 | 3 | 0.07 | 0.7-0.9 | 8 | ||
C18:1 oleic acid | 4.9 | 5.6 | g/kg | 15.2 | % FA | 4.1 -6.2 | 3 | 4.5 -7.1 | 3 | 2.7 | 11.3-20.4 | 11 | ||
C18:2 linoleic acid | 18.3 | 20.8 | g/kg | 56.4 | % FA | 18 -21.9 | 3 | 19.7 -24.1 | 3 | |||||
C18:3 linolenic acid | 1.9 | 2.2 | g/kg | 5.9 | % FA | 1.8 -2.2 | 3 | 2.1 -2.4 | 3 | 1 | 5.4-8.5 | 9 | ||
C18:4 stearidonic acid | 0 | 0 | g/kg | 0 | % FA | |||||||||
C20:0 arachidic acid | 0.06 | 0.07 | g/kg | 0.2 | % FA | 0-1.9 | 3 | |||||||
C20:1 eicosenoic acid | 0.4 | 0.5 | g/kg | 1.3 | % FA | 1 | ||||||||
C20:4 arachidonic acid | 0 | 0 | g/kg | 0 | % FA | |||||||||
C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid | 0 | 0 | g/kg | 0 | % FA | |||||||||
C22:0 behenic acid | 0 | 0 | g/kg | 0 | % FA | |||||||||
C22:1 erucic acid | 0.2 | 0.2 | g/kg | 0.5 | % FA | |||||||||
C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid | 0 | 0 | g/kg | 0 | % FA | |||||||||
C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid | 0 | 0 | g/kg | 0 | % FA | |||||||||
C24:0 lignoceric acid | 0 | 0 | g/kg | 0 | % FA | |||||||||
Fatty acids | 3.2 | 3.7 | % | 80 | % fat | 80-86 | 3 |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin A | 0.09 | 0.1 | 1000 IU/kg | - | ||||||||||
Vitamin D | 0 | 0 | 1000 IU/kg | - | ||||||||||
Vitamin E | 15 | 17 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Vitamin K | 0.5 | 0.5 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Vitamin B1 thiamin | 7.7 | 8.7 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Vitamin B2 riboflavin | 4.1 | 4.6 | mg/kg | - | 1 | |||||||||
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine | 9.9 | 11.3 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Vitamin B12 | 0 | 0 | µg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Niacin | 194 | 221 | mg/kg | - | 1 | |||||||||
Pantothenic acid | 28.4 | 32.3 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Folic acid | 0 | 0 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Biotin | 0.3 | 0.4 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Vitamin C | 0 | 0 | mg/kg | - | ||||||||||
Choline | 753 | 856 | mg/kg | - |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Viscosity, real applied | - | 2 | mL/g | |||||||||||
Phytase activity | 2590 | 2940 | IU/kg | - | 1 |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMEn cockerel (kcal) | 2090 | 2370 | kcal/kg | - | 410 | 1260 -2220 | 5 | 460 | 1460 -2840 | 6 | ||||
AMEn broiler (kcal) | 2000 | 2270 | kcal/kg | - | ||||||||||
AMEn cockerel (MJ) | 8.7 | 9.9 | MJ/kg | - | ||||||||||
AMEn broiler (MJ) | 8.4 | 9.5 | MJ/kg | - | ||||||||||
Available P cockerel | 1.9 | 2.2 | g/kg | 25 | % P | |||||||||
Available P broiler | 1.9 | 2.2 | g/kg | 25 | % P |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OM digestibility horse | - | 73.9 | % | 1 | ||||||||||
Energy digestibility horse | - | 71.2 | % | |||||||||||
Horse Forage Unit | 0.86 | 0.97 | per kg | - | ||||||||||
Digestible crude protein horse | 114 | 129 | g/kg | - |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DE rabbit (kcal) | 2950 | 3350 | kcal/kg | - | 1 | 2930 -3460 | 2 | |||||||
ME rabbit (kcal) | 2820 | 3200 | kcal/kg | - | ||||||||||
DE rabbit (MJ) | 12.3 | 14 | MJ/kg | - | 1 | |||||||||
ME rabbit (MJ) | 11.8 | 13.4 | MJ/kg | - | ||||||||||
Energy digestibility rabbit | - | 72.6 | % | 1 | ||||||||||
N digestibility rabbit | - | 60.9 | % |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DE salmonids (kcal) | 1810 | 2050 | kcal/kg | - | 1490 -2030 | 4 | 1670 -2280 | 4 | ||||||
DE salmonids (MJ) | 7.6 | 8.6 | MJ/kg | - | ||||||||||
Energy digestibility, salmonids | - | 44.6 | % | 36-45.3 | 4 | |||||||||
N digestibility salmonids | - | 89.3 | % | 68-92 | 4 | |||||||||
Digestible P salmonids | 3.7 | 4.2 | g/kg | 48 | % |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lysine | 6.4 | 7.3 | g/kg | 4 | g/16g N | 0.9 | 2.3 -8.1 | 62 | 1 | 4.6 -9.3 | 35 | 0.5 | 2.2-4.9 | 63 |
Threonine | 5.2 | 5.9 | g/kg | 3.2 | g/16g N | 0.6 | 2.6 -6.1 | 54 | 0.7 | 4.2 -8 | 30 | 0.3 | 2.6-4 | 58 |
Methionine | 2.4 | 2.8 | g/kg | 1.5 | g/16g N | 0.4 | 1.5 -3.2 | 53 | 0.4 | 1.6 -3.6 | 28 | 0.2 | 0.8-2 | 56 |
Cystine | 3.2 | 3.7 | g/kg | 2 | g/16g N | 0.4 | 2.1 -4 | 46 | 0.4 | 2.9 -4.6 | 20 | 0.2 | 1.6-2.6 | 47 |
Methionine + cystine | 5.7 | 6.4 | g/kg | 3.6 | g/16g N | 0.4 | 3.6 -6.5 | 45 | 0.5 | 5.3 -7.2 | 19 | 0.3 | 3.1-4.4 | 46 |
Tryptophan | 2.1 | 2.4 | g/kg | 1.3 | g/16g N | 0.3 | 1.1 -2.8 | 34 | 0.3 | 1.9 -2.9 | 11 | 0.2 | 1.1-1.8 | 35 |
Isoleucine | 5.1 | 5.8 | g/kg | 3.2 | g/16g N | 0.5 | 3.4 -6.4 | 54 | 0.5 | 4.7 -7 | 30 | 0.2 | 2.8-3.8 | 58 |
Valine | 7.2 | 8.2 | g/kg | 4.5 | g/16g N | 0.8 | 4 -8.5 | 52 | 0.9 | 6.4 -10 | 26 | 0.3 | 3.8-5.1 | 54 |
Leucine | 9.7 | 11 | g/kg | 6.1 | g/16g N | 0.8 | 6.5 -11.2 | 54 | 0.8 | 9.9 -14 | 30 | 0.4 | 5.2-7 | 58 |
Phenylalanine | 6.3 | 7.2 | g/kg | 4 | g/16g N | 0.5 | 5.3 -7.4 | 49 | 0.6 | 5.9 -8.2 | 28 | 0.2 | 3.4-4.4 | 53 |
Tyrosine | 4.1 | 4.7 | g/kg | 2.6 | g/16g N | 0.7 | 2.9 -5.1 | 36 | 0.8 | 3.4 -6 | 17 | 0.3 | 2.1-3.5 | 40 |
Phenylalanine + tyrosine | 10.4 | 11.9 | g/kg | 6.5 | g/16g N | 1.1 | 8.5 -11.9 | 28 | 1.3 | 9.4 -14 | 12 | 0.4 | 5.7-7.3 | 32 |
Histidine | 4.2 | 4.8 | g/kg | 2.6 | g/16g N | 0.4 | 2 -5 | 50 | 0.5 | 3.8 -5.5 | 26 | 0.2 | 2-3.1 | 53 |
Arginine | 10.3 | 11.7 | g/kg | 6.4 | g/16g N | 1.5 | 5.4 -12.9 | 51 | 1.7 | 8.4 -15 | 28 | 0.5 | 4.9-7.2 | 54 |
Alanine | 7.1 | 8.1 | g/kg | 4.5 | g/16g N | 1 | 4.4 -9 | 50 | 1.2 | 6.1 -11 | 27 | 0.4 | 3.4-5.2 | 52 |
Aspartic acid | 10.6 | 12.1 | g/kg | 6.7 | g/16g N | 1.3 | 6.5 -12.7 | 48 | 1.5 | 9.3 -16 | 28 | 0.4 | 5.5-8.1 | 51 |
Glutamic acid | 32.2 | 36.5 | g/kg | 20.1 | g/16g N | 3.1 | 24.4 -42.3 | 48 | 3.5 | 30.5 -44.5 | 27 | 2.7 | 14.4-26.7 | 51 |
Glycine | 7.7 | 8.8 | g/kg | 4.8 | g/16g N | 0.8 | 3.4 -8.9 | 51 | 0.9 | 6.6 -11 | 28 | 0.4 | 3.5-5.8 | 55 |
Serine | 6.9 | 7.8 | g/kg | 4.3 | g/16g N | 0.6 | 4.4 -7.5 | 50 | 0.7 | 6.2 -8.6 | 25 | 0.3 | 3.1-5 | 52 |
Proline | 10.6 | 12.1 | g/kg | 6.6 | g/16g N | 0.8 | 8 -13.9 | 35 | 0.9 | 10.2 -13.6 | 16 | 0.7 | 5.1-8.7 | 37 |
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lysine, ileal standardised, pig | 4.8 | 5.5 | g/kg | 75 | % | 4.4 -5.6 | 2 | 5 -6.4 | 2 | 7 | 68-89 | 10 | ||
Threonine, ileal standardised, pig | 3.7 | 4.2 | g/kg | 72 | % | 3 -4.5 | 2 | 3.4 -5.1 | 2 | 5 | 69-83 | 10 | ||
Methionine, ileal standardised, pig | 2 | 2.3 | g/kg | 82 | % | 1.9 -2.1 | 2 | 2.2 -2.4 | 2 | 4 | 79-91 | 10 | ||
Cystine, ileal standardised, pig | 2.5 | 2.8 | g/kg | 78 | % | 3 | 76-86 | 10 | ||||||
Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig | 4.5 | 5.1 | g/kg | 79 | % | 3 | 78-88 | 10 | ||||||
Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig | 1.7 | 1.9 | g/kg | 80 | % | 4 | 78-88 | 6 | ||||||
Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig | 4.1 | 4.6 | g/kg | 80 | % | 6 | 74-90 | 10 | ||||||
Valine, ileal standardised, pig | 5.6 | 6.4 | g/kg | 78 | % | 5.4 -6.1 | 2 | 6.2 -7 | 2 | 7 | 68-88 | 10 | ||
Leucine, ileal standardised, pig | 7.8 | 8.9 | g/kg | 81 | % | 6 | 74-91 | 10 | ||||||
Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig | 5.3 | 6 | g/kg | 84 | % | 6 | 76-93 | 10 | ||||||
Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig | 3.5 | 3.9 | g/kg | 84 | % | 3.4 -4.3 | 2 | 3.9 -4.9 | 2 | 7 | 70-94 | 10 | ||
Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig | 8.8 | 10 | g/kg | 84 | % | 8.5 -9.2 | 2 | 9.7 -10.4 | 2 | 6 | 74-93 | 10 | ||
Histidine, ileal standardised, pig | 3.5 | 4 | g/kg | 84 | % | |||||||||
Arginine, ileal standardised, pig | 9 | 10.2 | g/kg | 88 | % | 7.5 -9.5 | 2 | 8.5 -10.9 | 2 | 3 | 85-94 | 10 | ||
Alanine, ileal standardised, pig | 5.2 | 5.9 | g/kg | 72 | % | 4.6 -5.7 | 2 | 5.2 -6.5 | 2 | 6 | 66-85 | 10 | ||
Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig | 8.1 | 9.2 | g/kg | 76 | % | 7.1 -9.3 | 2 | 8 -10.6 | 2 | 6 | 68-87 | 10 | ||
Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig | 28.8 | 32.7 | g/kg | 89 | % | 25.4 -31.4 | 2 | 29 -35.8 | 2 | 4 | 85-95 | 10 | ||
Glycine, ileal standardised, pig | 5.6 | 6.4 | g/kg | 73 | % | 5 -6 | 2 | 5.6 -6.8 | 2 | 7 | 62-84 | 10 | ||
Serine, ileal standardised, pig | 5.5 | 6.2 | g/kg | 80 | % | 4.7 -6.1 | 2 | 5.4 -6.9 | 2 | 4 | 76-88 | 10 | ||
Proline, ileal standardised, pig | 9.3 | 10.5 | g/kg | 87 | % | 8 | 70-94 | 8 |
Origin France, ex factory
Parameter | As fed | On DM | Unit | Other | Unit | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count | SD | Range | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) | 0.82 | 0.93 | MJ/kg | - | ||||||||||
Phosphorus consumption | 0.77 | 0.87 | g P/kg | - | ||||||||||
Climate change (ILCD) | 92 | 105 | g CO2eq/kg | - | ||||||||||
Acidification (ILCD) | 0.0023 | 0.0026 | mol H+eq/kg | - | ||||||||||
Eutrophication (CML baseline) | 9.99 | 11.35 | g PO4---eq/kg | - | ||||||||||
Land competition (CML non baseline) | 0 | 0 | m²yr/kg | - |